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'''Additivity''' ''A''''α&β … '''Additivity''' ''A''''α&β'' describes the principle of substrate control of mitochondrial respiration with [[convergent electron flow]]. The '''additive effect of convergent electron flow''' is a consequence of electron flow converging at the '''[[Q-junction]]''' from respiratory Complexes I and II ([[NS-linked substrate state |NS or CI&II e-input]]). Further additivity may be observed by convergent electron flow through [[Glycerophosphate_dehydrogenase_Complex|glycerophosphate dehydrogenase]] and [[electron-transferring flavoprotein Complex]]. Convergent electron flow corresponds to the operation of the [[TCA cycle]] and mitochondrial substrate supply ''in vivo''. Physiological substrate combinations supporting convergent NS e-input are required for reconstitution of intracellular TCA cycle function. Convergent electron flow simultaneously through Complexes I and II into the [[Q-junction]] supports higher [[OXPHOS capacity]] and [[ET capacity]] than separate electron flow through either CI or CII. The convergent [[NS]] effect may be completely or partially additive, suggesting that conventional bioenergetic protocols with [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]] have underestimated cellular OXPHOS-capacities, due to the gating effect through a single branch. Complete additivity is defined as the condition when the sum of separately measured respiratory capacities, N + S, is identical to the capacity measured in the state with combined substrates, NS (CI&II). This condition of complete additivity, NS=N+S, would be obtained if electron channeling through supercomplex CI, CIII and CIV does not interact with the pool of redox intermediates in the pathway from CII to CIII and CIV, and if the capacity of the phosphorylation system does not limit OXPHOS capacity ([[Excess E-P capacity factor |excess ''E-P'' capacity factor]] is zero). In most cases, however, additivity is incomplete, NS < N+S.Excess E-P capacity factor |excess ''E-P'' capacity factor]] is zero). In most cases, however, additivity is incomplete, NS < N+S. +
'''Adenine nucleotides''', which are also sometimes referred to as adenosines or adenylates, are a group of organic molecules including AMP, [[ADP]] and [[ATP]]. These molecules present the major players of energy storage and transfer. +
'''Adenosine diphosphate''' is a nucleotid … '''Adenosine diphosphate''' is a nucleotide. In [[OXPHOS]] core metabolism, ADP is a substrate of [[ANT]] and [[ATP synthase]] in the [[phosphorylation system]]. ADP is the discharged or low-energy counterpart of [[ATP]]. ADP can accept chemical energy by regaining a phosphate group to become ATP, in substrate-level phosphorylation (in anaerobic catabolism), at the expense of solar energy (in photosynthetic cells) or chemiosmotic energy (respiration in heterotrophic cells). ADP is added to [[mitochondrial preparations]] at kinetically saturating concentrations to induce the active state for evaluation of [[OXPHOS capacity]].[[OXPHOS capacity]]. +
'''Adenosine triphosphate''' is a nucleotid and functions as the major carrier of chemical energy in the cells. As it transfers its energy to other molecules, it looses its terminal phosphate group and becomes adenosine diphosphate ([[ADP]]). +
'''Adenylate kinase''', which is also called myokinase, is a phosphotransferase enzyme that is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and catalyzes the rephosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the reaction ATP + AMP ↔ ADP + ADP. +
'''Advancement per volume''' or volume-spe … '''Advancement per volume''' or volume-specific advancement, dtr''Y'', is related to [[advancement]] of a transformation, dtr''Y'' = dtr''ξ''∙''V''-1 [MU∙L-1]. Compare dtr''Y'' with the amount of substance ''j'' per volume, ''c''''j'' ([[concentration]]), related to [[amount]], ''c''''j'' = ''n''''j''∙''V''-1 [mol∙''V''-1]. Advancement per volume is particularly introduced for chemical reactions, dr''Y'', and has the dimension of concentration (amount per volume [mol∙L-1]). In an [[open system]] at steady-state, however, the concentration does not change as the reaction advances. Only in [[closed system]]s and [[isolated system]]s, specific advancement equals the change in concentration divided by the stoichiometric number, dr''Y'' = d''c''''j''/''ν''''j'' (closed system) dr''Y'' = dr''c''''j''/''ν''''j'' (general) With a focus on ''internal'' transformations (i; specifically: chemical reactions, r), d''c''''j'' is replaced by the partial change of concentration, dr''c''''j'' (a transformation variable or process variable). dr''c''''j'' contributes to the total change of concentration, d''c''''j'' (a system variable or variable of state). In open systems at steady-state, dr''c''''j'' is compensated by ''external processes'', de''c''''j'' = -dr''c''''j'', exerting an effect on the total concentration change of substance ''j'', d''c''''j'' = dr''c''''j'' + de''c''''j'' = 0 (steady state) d''c''''j'' = dr''c''''j'' + de''c''''j'' (general)sses'', de''c''''j'' = -dr''c''''j'', exerting an effect on the total concentration change of substance ''j'', d''c''''j'' = dr''c''''j'' + de''c''''j'' = 0 (steady state) d''c''''j'' = dr''c''''j'' + de''c''''j'' (general) +
'''Air calibration''' of an oxygen sensor … '''Air calibration''' of an oxygen sensor (polarographic oxygen sensor) is performed routinely on any day before starting a respirometric experiment. The volume fraction of oxygen in dry air is constant. An aqueous solution in equilibrium with air has the same partial pressure as that in water vapour saturated air. The water vapour is a function of temperature only. The partial oxygen pressure in aqueous solution in equilibrium with air is, therefore, a function of total barometric pressure and temperature. Bubbling an aqueous solution with air generates deviations from barometric pressure within small gas bubbles and is, therefore, not recommended. To equilibrate an aqueous solution ata known partial pressure of oxygen [kPa], the aqueous solution is stirred rigorously in a chamber enclosing air at constant temperature. The concentration of oxygen, ''c''O2 [µM], is obtained at any partial pressure by multiplying the partial pressure by the oxygen solubility, ''S''O2 [µM/kPa]. ''S''O2 is a function of temperature and composition of the salt solution, and is thus a function of the experimental medium. The [[Oxygen_solubility_factor|solubility factor]] of the medium, ''F''M, expresses the oxygen solubility relative to pure water at any experimental temperature. ''F''M is 0.89 in serum (37 °C) and 0.92 in [[MiR06]] or [[MiR05]] (30 °C and 37 °C).iR05]] (30 °C and 37 °C). +
'''Allegations of research misconduct''' a … '''Allegations of research misconduct''' are handled with care. Publishers and editors shall take reasonable steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, among others. In no case shall a journal or its editors encourage such misconduct, or knowingly allow such misconduct to take place. In the event that a journal's publisher or editors are made aware of any allegation of research misconduct relating to a published article in their journal, the publisher or editor shall follow [https://publicationethics.org/core-practices COPE's guidelines] (or equivalent) in dealing with allegations.r equivalent) in dealing with allegations. +
'''Alternative quinol oxidases''' AOX are … '''Alternative quinol oxidases''' AOX are membrane-bound enzymes capable of supporting [[cyanide]]- and [[antimycin A]]-resistant mitochondrial respiration. AOX catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of oxygen to water in a four-electron process. As this bypasses several proton-translocating steps, induction of this alternative pathway is associated with a reduction of ATP production per oxygen consumed. AOX is found in most plants (including microalgae), many fungi and protists, but is not expressed in animals. AOX is inhibited by [[salicylhydroxamic acid]] (SHAM). Expression and activity of the enzyme are modified by environmental conditions such as temperature, oxidative stress, nutrient availability, and pathogens such as viruses.ailability, and pathogens such as viruses. +
'''Aluminium trolley''' (700x500x60 mm); carrying capacity 120 kg; incl. packing box; for transport of O2k. '''Discontinued''' +
'''Amp calibration''' indicates the calibration of the amperometric O2k-channel. +
'''Amplex® UltraRed … '''Amplex® UltraRed''' (AmR) is used as an [[extrinsic fluorophores |extrinsic fluorophore]] for measurement of [[hydrogen peroxide]] production ([[ROS]]) by cells or mitochondrial preparations. The reaction of H2O2 and AmR is catalyzed by [[horseradish peroxidase]] to produce the red fluorescent compound [[resorufin]] (excitation wavelength 563 nm, emission 587 nm; the fluorescent product according to the supplier is called UltroxRed in the case of Amplex® UltraRed which has a similar structure to resorufin). The change of emitted fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of H2O2 added, whereby the H2O2 is consumed.n of H2O2 added, whereby the H2O2 is consumed. +
'''Amytal''' sodium salt (synonym: amobarbital; 5-Ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric acid) is a barbiturate drug and an inhibitor of [[Complex I]]. +
'''Anaerobic''' metabolism takes place wit … '''Anaerobic''' metabolism takes place without the use of molecular oxygen, in contrast to '''[[aerobic]]''' metabolism. The capacity for energy assimilation and growth under '''[[anoxic]]''' conditions is the ultimate criterion for '''facultative anaerobiosis'''. Anaerobic ''metabolism'' may proceed not only under [[anoxic]] ''conditions'' or ''states'', but also under [[hyperoxic]] and [[normoxic]] conditions ('''aerobic glycolysis'''), and under [[hypoxic]] and [[microxic]] conditions below the [[limiting oxygen pressure]].[[limiting oxygen pressure]]. +
'''Anaplerosis''' is the process of format … '''Anaplerosis''' is the process of formation of intermediates of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. [[Malic enzyme]] (mtME), [[phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase]] (PEPCK), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, [[pyruvate carboxylase]] and [[proline dehydrogenase]] play important roles in anaplerosis.[[proline dehydrogenase]] play important roles in anaplerosis. +
'''Anaplerotic pathway control states''' a … '''Anaplerotic pathway control states''' are fuelled by single substrates which are transported into the mitochondrial matrix and increase the pool of intermediates of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. [[Malic enzyme]] (mtME), phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase play important roles in [[anaplerosis]]. The [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] and [[malate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] are the most important anaplerotic substrate control states (aN).anaplerotic substrate control states (aN). +
'''Antimycin A''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] … '''Antimycin A''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] (CIII). It binds to the Qi site of CIII and inhibits the transfer of electrons from heme ''b''H to oxidized Q (Qi site inhibitor). High concentrations of antimycin A also inhibit acyl-CoA oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase.lso inhibit acyl-CoA oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase. +
'''Aqua destillata''' (a.d.) is the Latin … '''Aqua destillata''' (a.d.) is the Latin name for '''distilled [[water]]''', H2O. When a.d. is used in various solution protocols, it may indicate that water with the highest possible quality or lowest possible level of impurities should be used, as may be reached not only with distilled water but also with high-purity deionised water.illed water but also with high-purity deionised water. +
'''Artemisinin''' and various derivatives … '''Artemisinin''' and various derivatives are potent anti-malaria drugs which have additionally anti-tumorigenic effects, particularly when targeted at mitochondria. The anti-malaria effect is associated with artemisinin's action on heme. Mitochondria are involved in the synthesis of heme, and may play additional roles in the anti-tumorigenic effect of artemisinin.he anti-tumorigenic effect of artemisinin. +
'''Aspirin''' is a widely applied drug that requires dosage adjusted to individual body mass. It is a non-selective COX inhibitor and exerts an effect on long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria. +