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• Advancement per volume  + ('''Advancement per volume''' or volume-spe … '''Advancement per volume''' or volume-specific advancement, d_tr''Y'', is related to [[advancement]] of a transformation, d_tr''Y'' = d_tr''ξ''∙''V''^-1 [MU∙L^-1]. Compare d_tr''Y'' with the amount of substance ''j'' per volume, ''c''_''j'' ([[concentration]]), related to [[amount]], ''c''_''j'' = ''n''_''j''∙''V''^-1 [mol∙''V''^-1]. Advancement per volume is particularly introduced for chemical reactions, d_r''Y'', and has the dimension of concentration (amount per volume [mol∙L^-1]). In an [[open system]] at steady-state, however, the concentration does not change as the reaction advances. Only in [[closed system]]s and [[isolated system]]s, specific advancement equals the change in concentration divided by the stoichiometric number, d_r''Y'' = d''c''_''j''/''ν''_''j'' (closed system) d_r''Y'' = d_r''c''_''j''/''ν''_''j'' (general) With a focus on ''internal'' transformations (i; specifically: chemical reactions, r), d''c''_''j'' is replaced by the partial change of concentration, d_r''c''_''j'' (a transformation variable or process variable). d_r''c''_''j'' contributes to the total change of concentration, d''c''_''j'' (a system variable or variable of state). In open systems at steady-state, d_r''c''_''j'' is compensated by ''external processes'', d_e''c''_''j'' = -d_r''c''_''j'', exerting an effect on the total concentration change of substance ''j'', d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' = 0 (steady state) d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' (general)sses'', d_e''c''_''j'' = -d_r''c''_''j'', exerting an effect on the total concentration change of substance ''j'', d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' = 0 (steady state) d''c''_''j'' = d_r''c''_''j'' + d_e''c''_''j'' (general))
• Air calibration  + ('''Air calibration''' of an oxygen sensor … '''Air calibration''' of an oxygen sensor (polarographic oxygen sensor) is performed routinely on any day before starting a respirometric experiment. The volume fraction of oxygen in dry air is constant. An aqueous solution in equilibrium with air has the same partial pressure as that in water vapour saturated air. The water vapour is a function of temperature only. The partial oxygen pressure in aqueous solution in equilibrium with air is, therefore, a function of total barometric pressure and temperature. Bubbling an aqueous solution with air generates deviations from barometric pressure within small gas bubbles and is, therefore, not recommended. To equilibrate an aqueous solution ata known partial pressure of oxygen [kPa], the aqueous solution is stirred rigorously in a chamber enclosing air at constant temperature. The concentration of oxygen, ''c''_O2 [µM], is obtained at any partial pressure by multiplying the partial pressure by the oxygen solubility, ''S''_O2 [µM/kPa]. ''S''_O2 is a function of temperature and composition of the salt solution, and is thus a function of the experimental medium. The [[Oxygen_solubility_factor|solubility factor]] of the medium, ''F''_M, expresses the oxygen solubility relative to pure water at any experimental temperature. ''F''_M is 0.89 in serum (37 °C) and 0.92 in [[MiR06]] or [[MiR05]] (30 °C and 37 °C).iR05]] (30 °C and 37 °C).)
• Allegations of research misconduct  + ('''Allegations of research misconduct''' a … '''Allegations of research misconduct''' are handled with care. Publishers and editors shall take reasonable steps to identify and prevent the publication of papers where research misconduct has occurred, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, among others. In no case shall a journal or its editors encourage such misconduct, or knowingly allow such misconduct to take place. In the event that a journal's publisher or editors are made aware of any allegation of research misconduct relating to a published article in their journal, the publisher or editor shall follow [https://publicationethics.org/core-practices COPE's guidelines] (or equivalent) in dealing with allegations.r equivalent) in dealing with allegations.)
• Alternative oxidase  + ('''Alternative quinol oxidases''' AOX are … '''Alternative quinol oxidases''' AOX are membrane-bound enzymes capable of supporting [[cyanide]]- and [[antimycin A]]-resistant mitochondrial respiration. AOX catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of oxygen to water in a four-electron process. As this bypasses several proton-translocating steps, induction of this alternative pathway is associated with a reduction of ATP production per oxygen consumed. AOX is found in most plants (including microalgae), many fungi and protists, but is not expressed in animals. AOX is inhibited by [[salicylhydroxamic acid]] (SHAM). Expression and activity of the enzyme are modified by environmental conditions such as temperature, oxidative stress, nutrient availability, and pathogens such as viruses.ailability, and pathogens such as viruses.)
• Trolley  + ('''Aluminium trolley''' (700x500x60 mm); carrying capacity 120 kg; incl. packing box; for transport of O2k. '''Discontinued''')
• Amp calibration - DatLab  + ('''Amp calibration''' indicates the calibration of the amperometric O2k-channel.)
• Amplex UltraRed  + ('''Amplex^® UltraRed … '''Amplex^® UltraRed''' (AmR) is used as an [[extrinsic fluorophores |extrinsic fluorophore]] for measurement of [[hydrogen peroxide]] production ([[ROS]]) by cells or mitochondrial preparations. The reaction of H₂O₂ and AmR is catalyzed by [[horseradish peroxidase]] to produce the red fluorescent compound [[resorufin]] (excitation wavelength 563 nm, emission 587 nm; the fluorescent product according to the supplier is called UltroxRed in the case of Amplex^® UltraRed which has a similar structure to resorufin). The change of emitted fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of H₂O₂ added, whereby the H₂O₂ is consumed.n of H₂O₂ added, whereby the H₂O₂ is consumed.)
• Amytal  + ('''Amytal''' sodium salt (synonym: amobarbital; 5-Ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric acid) is a barbiturate drug and an inhibitor of [[Complex I]].)

• Anaerobic  + ('''Anaerobic''' metabolism takes place wit … '''Anaerobic''' metabolism takes place without the use of molecular oxygen, in contrast to '''[[aerobic]]''' metabolism. The capacity for energy assimilation and growth under '''[[anoxic]]''' conditions is the ultimate criterion for '''facultative anaerobiosis'''. Anaerobic ''metabolism'' may proceed not only under [[anoxic]] ''conditions'' or ''states'', but also under [[hyperoxic]] and [[normoxic]] conditions ('''aerobic glycolysis'''), and under [[hypoxic]] and [[microxic]] conditions below the [[limiting oxygen pressure]].[[limiting oxygen pressure]].)
• Anaplerosis  + ('''Anaplerosis''' is the process of format … '''Anaplerosis''' is the process of formation of intermediates of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. [[Malic enzyme]] (mtME), [[phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase]] (PEPCK), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, [[pyruvate carboxylase]] and [[proline dehydrogenase]] play important roles in anaplerosis.[[proline dehydrogenase]] play important roles in anaplerosis.)
• Anaplerotic pathway control state  + ('''Anaplerotic pathway control states''' a … '''Anaplerotic pathway control states''' are fuelled by single substrates which are transported into the mitochondrial matrix and increase the pool of intermediates of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. [[Malic enzyme]] (mtME), phosphoenopyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase play important roles in [[anaplerosis]]. The [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] and [[malate-anaplerotic pathway control state]] are the most important anaplerotic substrate control states (aN).anaplerotic substrate control states (aN).)
• Antimycin A  + ('''Antimycin A''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] … '''Antimycin A''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] (CIII). It binds to the Qi site of CIII and inhibits the transfer of electrons from heme ''b''_H to oxidized Q (Qi site inhibitor). High concentrations of antimycin A also inhibit acyl-CoA oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase.lso inhibit acyl-CoA oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase.)
• Aqua destillata  + ('''Aqua destillata''' (a.d.) is the Latin … '''Aqua destillata''' (a.d.) is the Latin name for '''distilled [[water]]''', H₂O. When a.d. is used in various solution protocols, it may indicate that water with the highest possible quality or lowest possible level of impurities should be used, as may be reached not only with distilled water but also with high-purity deionised water.illed water but also with high-purity deionised water.)
• Artemisinin  + ('''Artemisinin''' and various derivatives … '''Artemisinin''' and various derivatives are potent anti-malaria drugs which have additionally anti-tumorigenic effects, particularly when targeted at mitochondria. The anti-malaria effect is associated with artemisinin's action on heme. Mitochondria are involved in the synthesis of heme, and may play additional roles in the anti-tumorigenic effect of artemisinin.he anti-tumorigenic effect of artemisinin.)
• Aspirin  + ('''Aspirin''' is a widely applied drug that requires dosage adjusted to individual body mass. It is a non-selective COX inhibitor and exerts an effect on long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria.)
• Atractyloside  + ('''Atractyloside''' is an inhibitor of the … '''Atractyloside''' is an inhibitor of the [[Adenine nucleotide translocator|adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)]]. It is an extremely toxic glycoside that inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by blocking the transfer of adenosine nucleotides through the mitochondrial membrane.otides through the mitochondrial membrane.)
• Attribute  + ('''Attribute''' in general is a characteristic or property. In databases an attribute describes a column in a table. Rows then represent the according attribute values.)
• Auranofin  + ('''Auranofin''' (AF) is a gold complex which inhibites thioredoxin reductase (TrxR).)
• Automatic pan - DatLab  + ('''Automatic pan''' (only for real-time da … '''Automatic pan''' (only for real-time data recording) toggles automatic panning on/off by clicking in the [[O2k status line]]. If it is on (green), the time range is maintained while the time axis always shows the currently recorded data, i.e. the value of the offset (minimum value) increases as experimental time proceeds. If it is off (yellow), the time axis is static. This allows for manually panning backwards to observe previous sections of the experiment at a given time range. In this mode, the actual experimental time may be off-scale. Toggle between "Pan auto" and "Pan off" by a left-click on the text. It does not influence continuous data recording. It is recommended to maintain automatic panning on during the experiment, except for specifically viewing earlier sections of the experiment.iewing earlier sections of the experiment.)
• Autoscale Y1 (Y2) axes  + ('''Autoscale Y1 (Y2) axes''': Autoscaling the measured values (full data range) on the Y1 (Y2) axis in the selected [[plot]].)
• Autoscale time axis  + ('''Autoscale time axis''' gives an overview of the entire experimental period.)
• Autoscale  + ('''Autoscale''' zooms in or out of the selected period with [[Autoscale time axis]], [[Autoscale Y1 (Y2) axes]] and [[Automatic pan]].)
• Bandwidth  + ('''Bandwidth''' is measured in nanometers in terms of the full width half maximum of a peak. This is the portion of the peak that is greater than half of the maximum intensity of that peak.)
• Barometric pressure  + ('''Barometric pressure''', ''p''<sub> … '''Barometric pressure''', ''p''_b, is an important variable measured for calibration of oxygen sensors in solutions equilibrated with air. The atm-standard pressure (1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.325 kPa) has been replaced by the SI standard pressure of 100 kPa. The partial pressure of oxygen, ''p''_O₂, in air is a function of barometric pressure, which changes with altitude and locally with weather conditions. The partial oxygen pressure declines by 12 % to 14 % per 1,000 m up to 6,000 m altitude, and by 15 % to 17 % per 1,000 m between 6,000 and 9,000 m altitude. The [[O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer]] is built into the Oroboros O2k as a basis for accurate air calibrations in high-resolution respirometry. For highest-level accuracy of calculation of oxygen pressure, it is recommended to compare at regular intervals the barometric pressure recording provided by the O2k with a calibrated barometric pressure recording at an identical time point and identical altitude. The concept of gas pressure or barometric pressure can be related to the generalized concept of isomorphic [[pressure]].[[pressure]].)
• Basal respiration  + ('''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabo … '''Basal respiration''' or '''basal metabolic rate''' (BMR) is the minimal rate of metabolism required to support basic body functions, essential for maintenance only. BMR (in humans) is measured at rest 12 to 14 hours after eating in a physically and mentally relaxed state at thermally neutral room temperature. Maintenance energy requirements include mainly the metabolic costs of protein turnover and ion homeostasis. In many aerobic organisms, and particularly well studied in mammals, BMR is fully aerobic, i.e. direct calorimetry (measurement of [[heat dissipation]]) and indirect calorimetry (measurement of oxygen consumption multiplied by the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]) agree within errors of measurement (Blaxter KL 1962. The energy metabolism of ruminants. Hutchinson, London: 332 pp [1]). In many cultured mammalian cells, aerobic glycolysis contributes to total ATP turnover ([[Gnaiger_1990_Biochim Biophys Acta|Gnaiger and Kemp 1990]] [2]), and under these conditions, '[[respiration]]' is not equivalent to '[[metabolic rate]]'. Basal respiration in humans and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function (oxygen kinetics) are correlated ([[Larsen_2011_FASEB J|Larsen et al 2011]] [3]).</br>» [[Basal_respiration#Basal_respiration_in_physiology.2C_cellular_bioenergetics_and_mitochondrial_physiology | '''MiPNet article''']][Basal_respiration#Basal_respiration_in_physiology.2C_cellular_bioenergetics_and_mitochondrial_physiology | '''MiPNet article''']])
• Elamipretide  + ('''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was de … '''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with [[cardiolipin]] in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart.tide treatment in the failing human heart.)
• Beryllium sulfate  + ('''Beryllium sulfate''' is used in combination with [[sodium fluoride]] to form beryllium trifluoride (BeF³⁻), to inhibit the [[ATP synthase]] if it is exposed by disruption of the mitochondrial membranes.)
• MitObesity drugs  + ('''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are d … '''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria.chanisms of action targeting mitochondria.)
• Biological reference interval  + ('''Biological reference interval''' or reference interval is the central 95 % interval of the distribution of reference values.)
• Biopsy preservation solution  + ('''Biopsy preservation solution''', for preservation of tissue samples, preparation of muscle fibres, and permeabilization with [[saponin]].)
• Blebbistatin  + ('''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle … '''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle and non-muscle myosin II-specific inhibitor that block contractile activity. Blebbistatin shows selectivity and high affinity for multiple class II myosins. Blebbistatin is commonly employed in respirometric experiments with permeabilized muscle fibers (pfi). Permeabilized muscle fibers are sensitive to low oxygen supply due to diffusion restrictions that limit mitochondrial respiration at the core of the fiber bundle. Therefore, hyperoxic conditions are required to counteract this limitation. Further studies have shown that the addition of blebbistatin in the respiration medium prevents fiber contraction, reduces the oxygen sensitivity and allows the study of ADP kinetics in pfi at normoxic oxygen levels. However, other studies described that the presence of blebbistatin does not prevent the oxygen dependence in pfi. Moreover, several limitations of blebbistatin i.e. low solubility in water, cytotoxicity and phototoxicity have been described.ity and phototoxicity have been described.)
• Blood cell preparation  + ('''Blood cell preparation''' (bcp) is one of the key steps in diagnostic protocols.)
• Blood plasma  + ('''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular com … '''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular component of the blood. Plasma lacks cellular components of the blood, [[red blood cell]]s, [[white blood cell]]s, and [[platelet]]s. However, there are many proteins in plasma, i.e. fibrinogen, albumin and globulin. Both blood plasma and [[platelet-rich plasma]] maintain clotting activity after whole blood separation.ing activity after whole blood separation.)