Chemical potential

high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution

Chemical potential

Description

The chemical potential of a substance B, µ_B [J/mol], is the partial derivative of Gibbs energy, G [J], per amount of B, n_B [mol], at constant temperature, pressure, and composition other than that of B,

µB = (∂G/∂nB)T,p,nj≠B

The chemical potential of a solute in solution is the sum of the standard chemical potential under defined standard conditions and a concentration (activity)-dependent term,

µB = µB° + RT ln(aB)

The standard state for the solute is refered to ideal behaviour at standard concentration, c° = 1 mol/L, exhibiting infinitely diluted solution behaviour [1]. µ_B° equals the standard molar Gibbs energy of formation, Δ_fG_B° [kJ·mol^-1]. The formation process of B is the transformation of the pure constituent elements to one mole of substance B, with all substances in their standard state (the most stable form of the element at 100 kPa (1 bar) at the specified temperature) [2].

Abbreviation: µ_B [J/mol]

Reference: Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book

Communicated by Gnaiger E 2018-10-18

The proton chemical potential

The standard chemical potential of protons at pH = 0 is by defintion zero. Therefore, µ_H+ depends on the activity of protons only,

µH+ = RT ln(aH+)

Since pH = -lg(a_H+), µ_H+ is related to pH as,

µH+ = -RT·ln(10)·pH

Therefore, for a difference of pH of -1 unit, Δµ_H+ equals RT·ln(10):

0 °C = 273.15 K

ln(10) = 2.302585093

At pH 7, the chemical potential of the proton at 25 °C (37 °C) is -39.956 (-41.564) kJ·mol^-1.

From concentration and activity to chemical potential

» Continued from Advancement per volume

In a closed system with a single reaction, r (A → B; 0 = -1 A +1 B), the chemical potential of A and B change as a function of advancement per volume.

Bioblast links: Force and membrane potential - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>

Fundamental relationships

» Force

» Affinity

» Flux

» Advancement

» Advancement per volume

» Stoichiometric number

mt-Membrane potential and protonmotive force

» Protonmotive force

» Mitochondrial membrane potential

» Chemical potential

» Faraday constant

» Format

» Uncoupler

O2k-Potentiometry

» O2k-Catalogue: O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module

» O2k-Manual: MiPNet15.03 O2k-MultiSensor-ISE

» TPP - O2k-Procedures: Tetraphenylphosphonium

» Specifications: MiPNet15.08 TPP electrode

» Poster

» Unspecific binding of TPP+

» TPP+ inhibitory effect

O2k-Fluorometry

» O2k-Catalogue: O2k-FluoRespirometer

» O2k-Manual: MiPNet22.11 O2k-FluoRespirometer manual

» Safranin - O2k-Procedures: MiPNet20.13 Safranin mt-membranepotential / Safranin

» TMRM - O2k-Procedures: TMRM

O2k-Publications

» O2k-Publications: mt-Membrane potential

» O2k-Publications: Coupling efficiency;uncoupling

Bioblast links: Concentration and pressure - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>

Concentration

» Volume

» Activity

» Concentration

» Density

» Mole

» Molar mass

Pressure

» Barometric pressure

» Chemiosmotic pressure

» Gas pressure

» Osmotic pressure

» Oxygen pressure

» pascal

» Pressure

Solubility = concentration/pressure

» Solubility

» Solubility factor

» Oxygen solubility

General

» Boltzmann constant

» Energy

» Force

» Gas constant

» Work

Related keyword lists

» Keywords: Oxygen signal

» Keywords: Normalization

References

1. Cohen ER, Cvitas T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor HL (2008) Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, IUPAC Green Book, 3rd Edition, 2nd Printing, IUPAC & RSC Publishing, Cambridge. - »Bioblast link«
2. Gnaiger E (1993) Efficiency and power strategies under hypoxia. Is low efficiency at high glycolytic ATP production a paradox? In: Surviving Hypoxia: Mechanisms of Control and Adaptation. Hochachka PW, Lutz PL, Sick T, Rosenthal M, Van den Thillart G (eds) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo:77-109. - »Bioblast link«

MitoPedia concepts: Ergodynamics