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A list of all pages that have property "Description" with value "-5B-5BFile:1PM-3B2D-3B3G-3B4U-3B5S-3B6Rot-2D.png-7C300px-5D-5D". Since there have been only a few results, also nearby values are displayed.

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  • Mitochondrial marker enzymes  + ('''Mitochondrial marker enzymes''' are enzymes that are specifically present in mitochondria, in the mt-matrix, the inner mt-membrane, the inter-membrane space, or the outer mt-membrane.)
  • Mitochondrial marker  + ('''Mitochondrial marker'''s are structural ā€¦ '''Mitochondrial marker'''s are structural or functional properties that are specific for mitochondria. A structural mt-marker is the area of the inner mt-membrane or mt-volume determined stereologically, which has its limitations due to different states of swelling. If mt-area is determined by electron microscopy, the statistical challenge has to be met to convert area into a volume. When fluorescent dyes are used as mt-marker, distinction is necessary between mt-membrane potential dependent and independent dyes. mtDNA or cardiolipin content may be considered as a mt-marker. [[Mitochondrial marker enzymes]] may be determined as molecular (amount of protein) or functional properties (enzyme activities). Respiratory capacity in a defined respiratory state of a mt-preparation can be considered as a functional mt-marker, in which case respiration in other respiratory states is expressed as [[flux control ratio]]s. Ā» [[Mitochondrial marker#Mitochondrial markers and expression of mitochondrial respiration| '''MiPNet article''']][Mitochondrial marker#Mitochondrial markers and expression of mitochondrial respiration| '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Mitochondrial competence  + ('''Mitochondrial metabolic competence''' i ā€¦ '''Mitochondrial metabolic competence''' is the organelle's capacity to provide adequate amounts of ATP in due time, by adjusting the mt-membrane potential, mt-redox states and the ATP/ADP ratio according to the metabolic requirements of the cell.</br></br>The term '''mitochondrial competence''' is also known in a genetic context: Mammalian mitochondria possess a natural competence for DNA import.</br></br>'''''[[MitoCom_O2k-Fluorometer]]''''' is a '''Mitochondrial Competence''' network, the nucleus of which is formed by the K-Regio project ''[[MitoCom_O2k-Fluorometer|MitoCom Tyrol]]''.[[MitoCom_O2k-Fluorometer|MitoCom Tyrol]]''.)
  • Mitochondrial preparations  + ('''Mitochondrial preparations''' (mtprep) ā€¦ '''Mitochondrial preparations''' (mtprep) are isolated mitochondria (imt), tissue homogenate (thom), mechanically or chemically permeabilized tissue (permeabilized fibers, pfi) or permeabilized cells (pce). In mtprep the plasma membranes are either removed (imt) or mechanically (thom) and chemically permeabilized (pfi), while mitochondrial functional integrity and to a large extent mt-structure are maintained in incubation media optimized to support mitochondrial physiological performance. According to this definition, submitochondrial particles (smtp) are not a mtprep, since mitochondrial structure is altered although specific mitochondrial functions are preserved.fic mitochondrial functions are preserved.)
  • Buffer Z  + ('''Mitochondrial respiration medium, Buffer Z''', described by [http://bioblast.at/index.php/Perry_2011_Biochem_J Perry 2011 Biochem J] For composition and comparison see: [[Mitochondrial respiration media: comparison]])
  • MiR05  + ('''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiR05 ā€¦ '''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiR05''', developed for oxygraph incubations of [[mitochondrial preparations]]. Respiration of [[living cells]] may be assessed in MiR05 by adding pyruvate (P) as an external source. [[MiR06]] = MiR05 + catalase.</br>[[MiR05Cr]] = [[MiR05]] + creatine.[[MiR05]] + creatine.)
  • MiRK03  + ('''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MiRK03''', modified after a medium described by [[Komary 2010 Biochim Biophys Acta]], intended for use as medium for H2O2 production measurement with Amplex Red.)
  • MitoOx2  + ('''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MitoO ā€¦ '''Mitochondrial respiration medium, MitoOx2''', developed for oxygraph incubations of [[mitochondrial preparations]] to measure the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production. MitoOx2 yields a higher optical sensitivity and lower "drift" (oxidation of the fluorophore precurcor without H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> present) for Amplex UltraRed(R) than e.g. [[MiR05|MiR05]].[[MiR05|MiR05]].)
  • MiR06  + ('''Mitochondrial respiration medium, [[MiPNet14.13 Medium-MiR06|MiR06]]''', developed for oxygraph incubations of [[mitochondrial preparations]]. MiR06 = MiR05 plus [[catalase]]. MiR06Cr = MiR06 plus [[creatine]].)
  • Molar mass  + ('''Molar mass''' ''M'' is the mass of a c ā€¦ '''Molar mass''' ''M'' is the mass of a chemical compound divided by its amount-of-substance measured in moles. It is defined as ''M''<sub>B</sub> = ''m''/''n''<sub>B</sub>, where ''m'' is the total mass of a sample of pure substance and ''n''<sub>B</sub> is the amount of substance B given in moles. The definition applies to pure substance. The molar mass allows for converting between the mass of a substance and its amount for bulk quantities. It is calculated as the sum of standard atomic weights of all atoms that form one entity of the substance.</br></br>The appropriate [[SI base units]] is kgĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup>. However, for historical as well as usability reasons, gĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup> is almost always used instead.historical as well as usability reasons, gĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup> is almost always used instead.)
  • Monoamine oxidase  + ('''Monoamine oxidases''' are enzymes boun ā€¦ '''Monoamine oxidases''' are enzymes bound to the outer membrane of mitochondria and they catalyze the oxidative deamination of monoamines. Oxygen is used to remove an amine group from a molecule, resulting in the corresponding aldehyde and ammonia. Monoamine oxidases contain the covalently bound cofactor [[FAD]] and are, thus, classified as flavoproteins.nd are, thus, classified as flavoproteins.)
  • Myxothiazol  + ('''Myxothiazol''' Myx is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] ā€¦ '''Myxothiazol''' Myx is an inhibitor of [[Complex III]] (CIII). CIII also inhibits [[Complex I|CI]]. Myxothiazol binds to the Q<sub>o</sub> site of CIII (close to cytochrome ''b''<sub>L</sub>) and inhibits the transfer of electrons from reduced QH<sub>2</sub> to the Rieske iron sulfur protein.ons from reduced QH<sub>2</sub> to the Rieske iron sulfur protein.)
  • N-ethylmaleimide  + ('''N-ethylmaleimide''' is an organic compound that is derived from maleic acid and blocks endogenous Pi transport.)
  • NADH  + ('''NAD<sup>+</sup>''' and '''NADH''': see [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]].)
  • NADH calibration - DatLab  + ('''NADH calibration''')
  • NS e-input  + ('''NS e-input''' or the [[NS-pathway control state]] ā€¦ '''NS e-input''' or the [[NS-pathway control state]] is electron input from a combination of substrates for the [[N-pathway control state]] and [[S-pathway control state]] through Complexes [[CI]] and [[CII]] simultaneously into the [[Q-junction]]. NS e-input corresponds to [[TCA cycle]] function ''in vivo'', with [[convergent electron flow]] through the [[Electron transfer pathway]]. In [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]], NS e-input requires addition not only of NADH- (N-) linked substrates (pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate), but of succinate (S) simultaneously, since [[metabolite depletion]] in the absence of succinate prevents a significant stimulation of S-linked respiration. For more details, see: [[Additive effect of convergent electron flow]].[[Additive effect of convergent electron flow]].)
  • Nagarse  + ('''Nagarse''' is a broad specifity proteas ā€¦ '''Nagarse''' is a broad specifity protease from bacteria used to promote breakdown of the cellular structure of "hard" tissues such as skeletal muscle or heart mucsle that cannot be homogenized easily without treatment with a protease. Nagarse is frequently used in protocols for isolating mitochondria from muscle tissue.isolating mitochondria from muscle tissue.)
  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide  + ('''Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide''', N ā€¦ '''Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide''', NAD<sup>+</sup> and NADH (pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, NAD and NADP), is an oxidation-reduction coenzyme (redox cofactor; compare [[FADH2 |FADH<sub>2</sub>]]). In the [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state]] fuelled by type N-substrates, mt-matrix dehydrogenases generate NADH, the substrate of [[Complex I]] (CI). The reduced N-substrate RH<sub>2</sub> is oxidized and NAD<sup>+</sup> is reduced to NADH,</br>:::: RH<sub>2</sub> + NAD<sup>+</sup> ā†’ NADH + H<sup>+</sup> + R</br>The mt-NADH pool integrates the activity of the [[TCA cycle]] and various matrix dehydrogenases upstream of CI, and thus forms a junction or funnel of electron transfer to CI, the [[N-junction]] (compare [[F-junction]], [[Q-junction]]). NAD<sup>+</sup> and NADH are not permeable through the [[Mitochondrial inner membrane|mt-inner membrane]], mtIM. Therefore, an increase of mitochondrial respiration after the addition of NADH may indicate an alteration of the mtIM integrity. Cytosolic NADH is effectively made available for mitochondrial respiration through the [[malate-aspartate shuttle]] or [[Glycerophosphate_dehydrogenase_Complex|glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]].Glycerophosphate_dehydrogenase_Complex|glycerophosphate dehydrogenase Complex]].)
  • Nitric oxide synthase  + ('''Nitric oxide synthase''', NOS, catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NOā€¢), which is a [[reactive nitrogen species]]. There are four types of NOS: neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and mitochondrial NOS (mtNOS).)
  • Normalization of rate  + ('''Normalization of rate''' (respiratory r ā€¦ '''Normalization of rate''' (respiratory rate, rate of hydrogen peroxide production, growth rate) is required to report experimental data. Normalization of rates leads to a diversity of formats. Normalization is guided by physicochemical principles, methodological considerations, and conceptual strategies. The challenges of measuring respiratory rate are matched by those of normalization. Normalization of rates for: (''1'') the number of objects (cells, organisms); (''2'') the volume or mass of the experimental sample; and (''3'') the concentration of mitochondrial markers in the instrumental chamber are sample-specific normalizations, which are distinguished from system-specific normalization for the volume of the instrumental chamber (the measuring system). Metabolic ''flow'', ''I'', per [[Count |countable]] object increases as the size of the object is increased. This confounding factor is eliminated by expressing rate as sample-mass specific or sample-volume specific ''flux'', ''J''. [[Flow]] is an [[extensive quantity]], whereas [[flux]] is a [[specific quantity]]. If the aim is to find differences in mitochondrial function independent of mitochondrial density, then normalization to a [[mitochondrial marker]] is imperative. [[Flux control ratio]]s and [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]] are based on internal normalization for rate in a reference state, are independent of externally measured markers and, therefore, are statistically robust. and, therefore, are statistically robust.)
  • Normothermia  + ('''Normothermia''' in endotherms is a stat ā€¦ '''Normothermia''' in endotherms is a state when body core temperature is regulated within standard limits. In humans, normothermia is considered as a body temperature of 36.4 to 37.8 Ā°C. Normothermia, however, has a different definition in the context of [[ectotherms]].</br>Ā» [[Normothermia#Normothermia:_from_endotherms_to_ectotherms | '''MiPNet article''']]Normothermia#Normothermia:_from_endotherms_to_ectotherms | '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Nuclear respiratory factor 1  + ('''Nuclear respiratory factor 1''' is a transcription factor downstream of [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha|PGC-1alpha]] involved in coordinated expression of [[nDNA]] and [[mtDNA]].)
  • O-ring\Viton\12x1 mm  + ('''O-ring\[[Viton]] ā€¦ '''O-ring\[[Viton]]\12x1 mm''', for PVDF or PEEK O2k-Stoppers, box of 4 as spares.</br></br>Two spare boxes of this product are standard components of the [[O2k-Assembly Kit]] ([[O2k-FluoRespirometer]]) as well as the [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]] and the [[O2k-NO Amp-Module]].[[O2k-NO Amp-Module]].)
  • O-ring\Viton\16x2 mm  + ('''O-ring\[[Viton]]\16x2 mm''', mounted on the [[O2k-Chamber Holder sV]].)
  • Oxygen calibration - DatLab  + ('''O2 calibration''' is the calibration in ā€¦ '''O2 calibration''' is the calibration in DatLab of the oxygen sensor. It is a prerequisite for obtaining accurate measurements of respiration. Accurate calibration of the oxygen sensor depends on (''1'') equilibration of the incubation medium with air oxygen partial pressure at the temperature defined by the experimenter; (''2'') zero oxygen calibration; (''3'') high stability of the POS signal tested for sufficiently long periods of time; (''4'') linearity of signal output with oxygen pressure in the range between oxygen saturation and zero oxygen pressure; and (''5'') accurate oxygen solubility for aqueous solutions for the conversion of partial oxygen pressure into oxygen concentration. The standard oxygen calibration procedure is described below for high-resolution respirometry with the calibration routine using instrumental calibration DL-Protocols in [[DatLab]].[[DatLab]].)
  • O2k repair  + ('''O2k repair''' of defective hardware may ā€¦ '''O2k repair''' of defective hardware may require replacement of spare parts. Some electronic or mechanical defects may be solved only by repair of the O2k in the electronics workshop of Oroboros Instruments, ''e.g.'', a defective Peltier unit (temperature control).ective Peltier unit (temperature control).)
  • O2k status line  + ('''O2k status line''' is found above the [[O2k signal line]] ā€¦ '''O2k status line''' is found above the [[O2k signal line]]. It contains information about the chamber label, O2 calibration, amperometric calibration, potentiometric calibration, the [[block temperature]], the [[illumination]] in chambers, the TIP2k status and the [[Automatic pan]].[[Automatic pan]].)
  • O2k  + ('''O2k''' - [[Oroboros O2k]]: the modular system for [[high-resolution respirometry]].)
  • O2k-Amperometric OroboPOS Twin-Channel  + ('''O2k-Amperometric OroboPOS Twin-Channel' ā€¦ '''O2k-Amperometric OroboPOS Twin-Channel''': Two-channel variable polarization voltage; current/voltage converter for the polarographic oxygen sensor (POS); amplifyer with digital gain settings (1x, 2x, 4x, 8x); A/D converter; output in the range -10 V to 10 V. Integral component of the [[O2k-Main Unit]].[[O2k-Main Unit]].)
  • O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer  + ('''O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer''', ā€¦ '''O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer''', A/D converter and digital output to DatLab for continuous recording of [[barometric pressure]] [kPa or mmHg], integrated into the air calibration of the POS ([[MiPNet06.03 POS-calibration-SOP]]). Integral component of the [[O2k-Main Unit]]. The warranty on the accuracy of the signal obtained from the O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer expires within three years.ure Transducer expires within three years.)
  • O2k-Electromagnetic Stirrer Twin-Control  + ('''O2k-Electromagnetic Stirrer Twin-Contro ā€¦ '''O2k-Electromagnetic Stirrer Twin-Control''' for smooth rotation of the [[Stirrer-Bar\white PVDF\15x6 mm|stirrer bars]] in the two [[O2k-chamber]]s; with slow-start function to prevent decoupling of the stirrer bar; regulated stirrer speed in the range of 100 to 800 rpm (decoupling may occur at higher stirrer speeds), independent for the two O2k-Chambers; automatic events sent to DatLab when the stirrer is switched on/off or when the rotation seed is changed by the experimenter. Integral component of the [[O2k-Main Unit]].[[O2k-Main Unit]].)
  • O2k-Main Power Cable  + ('''O2k-Main Power Cable''', for connecting the main unit to the power supply.)
  • O2k-Peltier Temperature Control  + ('''O2k-Peltier Temperature Control''': Bui ā€¦ '''O2k-Peltier Temperature Control''': Built-in electronic thermostat controlling temperature for two [[O2k-chamber]]s in the range of 4 to 47 Ā°C; Ā±0.002 Ā°C (at room temperature). Continuous recording of the O2k-Copper Block temperature with DatLab. Temperature change from 20 to 30 Ā°C within 15 min; cooling from 30 to 20 Ā°C within 20 min. Integral component of the [[O2k-Main Unit]]. The electronic temperature control of the O2k replaced the conventional water jacket.2k replaced the conventional water jacket.)
  • Obesity  + ('''Obesity''' is a disease resulting from ā€¦ '''Obesity''' is a disease resulting from excessive accumulation of body fat. In common obesity (non-syndromic obesity) excessive body fat is due to an obesogenic lifestyle with lack of physical exercise ('couch') and caloric surplus of food consumption ('potato'), causing several comorbidities which are characterized as preventable non-communicable diseases. Persistent [[body fat excess]] associated with deficits of physical activity induces a weight-lifting effect on increasing muscle mass with decreasing mitochondrial capacity. Body fat excess, therefore, correlates with [[body mass excess]] up to a critical stage of obesogenic lifestyle-induced [[sarcopenia]], when loss of muscle mass results in further deterioration of physical performance particularly at older age.cal performance particularly at older age.)
  • OctGM  + ('''OctGM''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FN]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-015]], [[SUIT-016]], [[SUIT-017]])
  • OctGMS  + ('''OctGMS''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] &[[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]]& [[Succinate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FNS]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-016]], [[SUIT-017]])
  • OctM pathway control state  + ('''OctM''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] ā€¦ '''OctM''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Malate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' F</br></br>'''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-002]], [[SUIT-015]], [[SUIT-016]], [[SUIT-017]]</br></br>Respiratory stimulation of the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state| FAO-pathway]], F, by [[fatty acid]] FA in the presence of [[malate]] M. Malate is a [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state |type N substrate]] (N), required for the F-pathway. In the presence of [[Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state|anaplerotic pathways]] (''e.g.'', [[Malic enzyme|mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME]]) the F-pathway capacity is overestimated, if there is an added contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see [[SUIT-002]]). The FA concentration has to be optimized to saturate the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state| FAO-pathway]], without inhibiting or uncoupling respiration. Low concentration of [[malate]], typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the [[N-pathway]]; but saturates the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state |F-pathway]]. High concentration of [[malate]], typically 2 mM, saturates the [[N-pathway]].[[N-pathway]].)
  • OctPGM pathway control state  + ('''OctPGM''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] ā€¦ '''OctPGM''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FN]]</br></br>'''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-002]]</br>:This substrate combination supports N-linked flux which is typically higher than FAO capacity (F/FN<1 in the OXPHOS state). In SUIT-RP1, PMOct is induced after PM(E), to evaluate any additive effect of adding Oct. In SUIT-RP2, FAO OXPHOS capacity is measured first, testing for the effect of increasing malate concentration (compare [[malate-anaplerotic pathway control state]], M alone), and pyruvate and glutamate is added to compare FAO as the background state with FN as the reference state.O as the background state with FN as the reference state.)
  • OctPGMS pathway control state  + ('''OctPGMS''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] ā€¦ '''OctPGMS''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FNS]]</br></br>'''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-001]], [[SUIT-002]], [[SUIT-015]]</br></br>This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the [[Q-junction]].[[Q-junction]].)
  • OctPGMSGp pathway control state  + ('''OctPGMSGp''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] ā€¦ '''OctPGMSGp''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' FNSGp</br></br>'''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-002]]</br></br>This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the [[Q-junction]].[[Q-junction]].)
  • OctPM pathway control state  + ('''OctPM''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] ā€¦ '''OctPM''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FN]]</br></br>'''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-002]], [[SUIT-005]]</br></br>This substrate combination supports N-linked flux which is typically higher than FAO capacity (F/FN<0 in the OXPHOS state). In SUIT-RP1, PMOct is induced after PM(E), to evaluate any additive effect of adding Oct. In SUIT-RP2, FAO OXPHOS capacity is measured first, testing for the effect of increasing malate concentration (compare [[malate-anaplerotic pathway control state]], M alone), and pyruvate is added to compare FAO as the background state with FN as the reference state. the background state with FN as the reference state.)
  • OctPMS  + ('''OctPMS''': [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FNS]] '''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-005]])
  • Octanoate  + ('''Octanoate''' (octanoic acid). C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Common name: Caprylic acid.)
  • Octanoylcarnitine  + ('''Octanoylcarnitine''' is a medium-chain fatty acid (octanoic acid: eight-carbon saturated fatty acid) covalently linked to [[carnitine]], frequently applied as a substrate for [[fatty acid oxidation]] (FAO) in [[mitochondrial preparations]].)
  • Oligomycin  + ('''Oligomycin''' (Omy) is an inhibitor of ā€¦ '''Oligomycin''' (Omy) is an inhibitor of [[ATP synthase]] by blocking its proton channel (Fo subunit), which is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (energy production). The inhibition of ATP synthesis also inhibits respiration. In OXPHOS analysis, Omy is used to induce a [[LEAK respiration]] state of respiration (abbreviated as ''L''(Omy) to differentiate from ''L''(n), LEAK state in the absence of ADP).L''(n), LEAK state in the absence of ADP).)
  • Optics  + ('''Optics''' are the components that are u ā€¦ '''Optics''' are the components that are used to relay and focus light through a [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]]. These would normally consist of lenses and/or concave mirrors. The number of such components should be kept to a minimum due to the losses of light (5-10%) that occur at each surface. light (5-10%) that occur at each surface.)
  • Ouabain  + ('''Ouabain''' (synonym: G-strophantin octa ā€¦ '''Ouabain''' (synonym: G-strophantin octahydrate) is a poisonous cardiac glycoside. The classical mechanism of action of ouabain involves its binding to and inhibition of the plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump) especially at the higher concentrations. Low (nanomolar and subnanomolar) concentrations of ouabain stimulate the Na-K-ATPase.ions of ouabain stimulate the Na-K-ATPase.)
  • Overfitting  + ('''Overfitting''' in statistics is the act ā€¦ '''Overfitting''' in statistics is the act of mistaking noise for a signal. Overfitting makes a model look ā€˜ā€™betterā€™ā€™ on paper but perform ā€˜ā€™worseā€™ā€™ in the real world. This may make it easier to get the model published in an academic journal or to sell to a client, crowding out more honest models from the marketplace. But if the model is fitting noise, it has the potential to hurt the science (quoted from [[Silver 2012 Penguin Press]]).nguin Press]]).)
  • Overlay of plots - DatLab  + ('''Overlay of plots''' is defined in DatLa ā€¦ '''Overlay of plots''' is defined in DatLab as selection of graph layouts showing identical plots from the two O2k-chambers in each graph. Overlay of plots is selected in [[Graph layout - DatLab |Graph layout]]. Superimposed traces of flux/flow from chambers A and B are then shown in Graph 1, and of concentration in chambers A and B in Graph 2.</br></br>There are basically two ways to superimpose traces recorded in different experiments: Export of the graphics via windows metafile or export of the data to e.g. a spreadsheet program.</br></br>If you export via wmf you also can manipulate the graphics but then usually the lines are broken up in different segments. This can be done in various programs like MS Word, Open Office Draw and even in MSPower Point, though this maybe is the worst program to do this. It is better to manipulate them in a proper program like OO Draw, convert it to an unchangeable picture and then import it to a presentation graphics. Anyway, when you import directly to Power point (or other programs), make sure not to import it as a "picture" but as a metafile. Also in some programs you might afterwards have to "break" it up, or accept a "conversion to a MS Draw object" or other similar linguistic inventions of the software gurus. For this option we suggest to do as much as possible directly in DatLab (setting colors, line widths, ..) using the options in "Plots"/"select plots" and "graph"/"options". </br></br>The ā€œhardcoreā€œ option is to export the data and import it into e.g. a spreadsheet program (MS Excel , OOCalc). It takes longer to have a simple overlay but gives you far less problems later and its easier to make changes later. To do this you can export your dataset "Export"/"Data to Textfile" and then go from there."Data to Textfile" and then go from there.)
  • Oxalomalic acid  + ('''Oxalomalic acid''' is an inhibitor of a ā€¦ '''Oxalomalic acid''' is an inhibitor of aconitase (and of cytoplasmic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase). Aconitase mediates the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate as the first step in the [[TCA_cycle| TCA cycle]]. Oxalomalic acid has been used at 1 mM concentration and after 45 min of pre-incubation to inhibit aconitase in permeabilized rat Soleus muscle fibres, inhibiting the enzyme by 24% ([[Osiki 2016 FASEB J]]).[[Osiki 2016 FASEB J]]).)
  • Oxidative stress  + ('''Oxidative stress''' results from an imb ā€¦ '''Oxidative stress''' results from an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants shifting the equilibrium in favor of the pro-oxidants. This process can be due by an increment in pro-oxidants, by a depletion of antioxidant systems or both. Oxidative stress generates oxidative damage of proteins, lipids and DNA.dative damage of proteins, lipids and DNA.)
  • Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase  + ('''Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase''' (Ī±-ketogl ā€¦ '''Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase''' (Ī±-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) is a highly regulated enzyme of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. It catalyses the conversion of oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) to succinyl-CoA, reduces NAD<sup>+</sup> to [[NADH]] and thus links to [[Complex I]] in the Electron transfer-pathway. OgDH is activated by low Ca<sup>2+</sup> (<20 ĀµM) but inactivated by high Ca<sup>2+</sup> (>100 ĀµM). OgDH is an important source of ROS.y high Ca<sup>2+</sup> (>100 ĀµM). OgDH is an important source of ROS.)
  • Oxygen flux  + ('''Oxygen flux''', ''J''<sub>O<su ā€¦ '''Oxygen flux''', ''J''<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>, is a [[specific quantity]]. Oxygen [[flux]] is [[oxygen flow]], ''I''<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> [molĀ·s<sup>-1</sup> per system] (an [[extensive quantity]]), divided by system size. Flux may be volume-specific (flow per volume [pmolĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>Ā·mL<sup>-1</sup>]), mass-specific (flow per mass [pmolĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>Ā·mg<sup>-1</sup>]), or marker-specific (flow per mtEU). Oxygen flux (''e.g.'', per body mass, or per cell volume) is distinguished from oxygen flow (per number of objects, such as cells), ''I''<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> [molĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>Ā·x<sup>-1</sup>]. These are different forms of [[normalization of rate]].lization of rate]].)
  • Oxygen kinetics  + ('''Oxygen kinetics''' describes the depend ā€¦ '''Oxygen kinetics''' describes the dependence of respiration of isolated mitochondria or cells on oxygen partial pressure. Frequently, a strictly hyperbolic kinetics is observed, with two parameters, the oxygen pressure at half-maximum flux, ''p''<sub>50</sub>, and maximum flux, Jmax. The ''p''<sub>50</sub> is in the range of 0.2 to 0.8 kPa for cytochrome ''c'' oxidase, isolated mitochondria and small cells, strongly dependent on ''J''<sub>max</sub> and coupling state.lls, strongly dependent on ''J''<sub>max</sub> and coupling state.)
  • Oxygen pressure  + ('''Oxygen pressure''' or partial [[pressure]] of oxygen [kPa], related to oxygen concentration in solution by the [[oxygen solubility]], ''S''<sub>O2</sub> [ĀµM/kPa].)
  • Ap5A  + ('''P1,P5-Di(adenosine-5')pentaphosphate (Ap5A)''' is an inhibitor of [[adenylate kinase]] (ADK), the enzyme which rephosphorylates AMP to ADP, consuming ATP (ATP + AMP ā†” 2 ADP).)
  • PGMSGp pathway control state  + ('''PGMSGp''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' NSGp '''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-038]] This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the [[Q-junction]].)
  • POS-Service Kit  + ('''POS-Service Kit''', in [[O2k-Accessory Box]] including all oxygen sensor service accessories for membrane mounting and service of the [[OroboPOS|POS]].)
  • PREreview  + ('''PREreview''' encourages scientists to p ā€¦ '''PREreview''' encourages scientists to post their scientific outputs as preprints. PREreview makes it easier to start and run a Preprint Journal Club, or integrate preprint review into conventional journal clubs. PREreview seeks to diversify peer review in the academic community by crowdsourcing pre-publication feedback to improve the quality of published scientific output, and to train early-career researchers (ECRs) in how to review others' scientific work. We want to facilitate a cultural shift in which every scientist posts, reads, and engages with preprints as standard practice in scholarly publishing. We see PREreview as a hub to support and nurture the growth of a community that openly exchanges timely, constructive feedback on emerging scientific outputs. We believe that by empowering ECRs through peer review training programs, thereby increasing the diversity of researchers involved in the peer review process, PREreview will help establish a healthier and more sustainable culture around research dissemination and evaluation. This project was born in April 2017 as a collaboration between Samantha Hindle and Daniela Saderi, scientists and [[ASAPbio]] Ambassadors, with help from Josh Nicholson, at the time working for [https://www.authorea.com/aboutus Authorea].ttps://www.authorea.com/aboutus Authorea].)
  • Packing\O2k-Box 1+2  + ('''Packing\O2k-Box 1+2''' for shipping the [[O2k-Core]]. O2k-WorldWide delivery, insurance and handling are included in the O2k-Core.)
  • PalM  + ('''PalM''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Malate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[ F | Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-019]])
  • PalOctM  + ('''PalOctM''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Malate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[ F | Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-019]])
  • PalOctPGM  + ('''PalOctPGM''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FN]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-019]])
  • PalOctPGMS  + ('''PalOctPGMS''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FNS]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-019]])
  • PalOctPM  + ('''PalOctPM''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Octanoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' [[FN]] '''SUIT protocols:''' [[SUIT-019]])
  • PalPGMSGp pathway control state  + ('''PalPGMSGp''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] ā€¦ '''PalPGMSGp''': [[Palmitoylcarnitine]] & [[Pyruvate]] & [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' FNSGp</br></br>'''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-026]]</br></br>This substrate combination supports convergent electron flow to the [[Q-junction]].[[Q-junction]].)
  • Palmitate  + ('''Palmitate''' is a term for the salts an ā€¦ '''Palmitate''' is a term for the salts and esters of palmitic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>14</sub>COOH). Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and the precursor to longer fatty acids. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. In order to dissolve the water-insoluble sodium palmitate, [[Bovine serum albumine| BSA]] is needed to form the water-soluble compound called palmitate:BSA.[[Bovine serum albumine| BSA]] is needed to form the water-soluble compound called palmitate:BSA.)
  • Palmitoyl-CoA  + ('''Palmitoyl-CoA''' is a coenzyme A deriva ā€¦ '''Palmitoyl-CoA''' is a coenzyme A derivative of palmitate formed by acyl-CoA synthase. In contrast to medium- and short-chain acyl-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA cannot freely diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix. Formation of palmitoylcarnitine by CPTI is necessary prior to transfer into mitochondria for further fatty acid oxidation (Ī²-oxidation). To study [[Fatty acid oxidation]] using Palmitoyl-CoA, [[Carnitine]] and low amount of malate is needed on mitochondrial preparations.e is needed on mitochondrial preparations.)
  • Palmitoylcarnitine  + ('''Palmitoylcarnitine''' is an ester deriv ā€¦ '''Palmitoylcarnitine''' is an ester derivative of [[carnitine]] (long-chain acylcarnitine) involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Within the cell, palmitoylcarnitine is transported into the mitochondria to deliver palmitate for fatty acid oxidation and energy production.atty acid oxidation and energy production.)
  • Pathway control efficiency  + ('''Pathway control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]] ā€¦ '''Pathway control efficiencies''' are [[flux control efficiency |flux control efficiencies]], expressing the relative change of flux in response to a transition between two [[electron-transfer-pathway state]]s due to a change of (''1'') substrate availability or (''2'') inhibition of enzyme steps in the pathway, in a defined [[coupling-control state]].[[coupling-control state]].)
  • Peer review  + ('''Peer reviews''' provide a critical asse ā€¦ '''Peer reviews''' provide a critical assessment of a manuscript prior to publication. Bioenergetics Communications publishes [https://www.bioenergetics-communications.org/index.php/bec/BECPolicies#Permanency_of_content.2C_peer-review_process.2C_and_Journal.27s_options_for_post-publication_discussions_and_corrections Open Peer Reviews] for transparency of the review process.s] for transparency of the review process.)
  • PeerJ Preprints 'pre-print' area of PeerJ  + ('''PeerJ Preprints''' is the 'pre-print' a ā€¦ '''PeerJ Preprints''' is the 'pre-print' area of the Open Access journal ''PeerJ''. Similar to preprint servers that already exist (for example arXiv.org), authors can submit draft, incomplete, or final versions of articles they are working on. By using this service, authors establish precedent; they can solicit feedback; and they can work on revisions of their manuscript. Once they are ready, they can submit their preprint article into ''PeerJ'' (although it is not a requirement to do so).</br></br>''PeerJ Preprints'' was launched in April 2013. It only accepts submissions in the same subject areas as ''PeerJ'' (biological, medical and environmental sciences) and ''PeerJ Computer Science''. In order to submit to ''PeerJ Preprints'', at least the submitting author must have a user account with ''PeerJ''. There is no pre-publication peer-review of submissions; however we do perform basic checks to ensure conformity with our policies. Submissions are made using the same platform as with the peer-reviewed journals, although some of the requirements are less stringent. Articles are not typeset, but we do provide automated conversion into PDF. The default is for a ''PeerJ Preprints'' publication to be fully open to all viewers (what we call a 'public' pre-print).</br></br>'''PeerJ''' is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal. It considers and publishes research articles in the biological, medical and environmental sciences. It aims for rapid decision making and will publish articles as soon as they are ready. ''PeerJ'' is based in both San Diego, US, and London, UK.sed in both San Diego, US, and London, UK.)
  • Perfluorooctanoic acid  + ('''Perfluorooctanoic acid''' (PFOA) is a metabolically inert perfluorinated fatty acid which activates [[UCP1]] in brown-fat mitochondria. UCP1-dependent respiration can be stimulated with 600ā€‰Ī¼M PFOA after inhibition of the phosphorylation system.)
  • Performance Estimation  + ('''Performance estimation''')
  • PBMC  + ('''Peripheral blood mononuclear cells''' ( ā€¦ '''Peripheral blood mononuclear cells''' (PBMC) are a fraction of the leucocyte population in the blood composed by cells with round nucleus. PBMC consist of lymphocytes (T, B and NK cells) and monocytes. During extraction, neutrophils and platelets (PLT) can be found in the PBMC fraction, where PLT are considered as a contamination.ere PLT are considered as a contamination.)
  • Permeabilized cells  + ('''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are mitoch ā€¦ '''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane (e.g., with [[digitonin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.</br></br>'''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are, therefore, not any longer viable or [[living cells]] (ce), since the intactness of cells implies the intactness of the plasma membrane. Any typical quantiative cell viability test (trypan blue etc) evaluating the intactness of the plasma membrane, yields a 100% negative result on fully permeabilized cells.</br></br>For permeabilizing the cell plasma membranes chemically with [[digitonin]], without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes, the optimum concentration of digitonin must be previously determinated. The protocol [[SUIT-010]] is designed for the evaluation of optimum digitonin concentration for permeabilizing cells, a requirement to account for differences between cell types, the concentration of cells, and variability between batches of the natural product digitonin. batches of the natural product digitonin.)
  • Permeabilized muscle fibers  + ('''Permeabilized muscle fibers''' (pfi) ar ā€¦ '''Permeabilized muscle fibers''' (pfi) are used as a mitochondrial preparation in respirometry to access mitochondrial function comparable to [[isolated mitochondria]] (imt). pfi are obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically and chemically ([[saponin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.</br></br>:Ā» MitoPedia topic: [[Mitochondrial preparations]][Mitochondrial preparations]])
  • Permeabilized tissue or cells  + ('''Permeabilized tissue''' ([[Permeabilized tissue|pti]] ā€¦ '''Permeabilized tissue''' ([[Permeabilized tissue|pti]], see also [[permeabilized muscle fibers]], pfi) or cells ([[Permeabilized cells|pce]]) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically or [[permeabilization of plasma membrane|chemically]], for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.</br></br>'''Permeabilized cells''' (pce) are, therefore, not any longer viable or [[living cells]] (ce), since the intactness of cells implies the intactness of the plasma membrane. Any typical quantiative cell viability test (trypan blue etc) evaluating the intactness of the plasma membrane, yields a 100% negative result on fully permeabilized cells.ative result on fully permeabilized cells.)
  • Permeabilized tissue  + ('''Permeabilized tissue''' (pti, see also ā€¦ '''Permeabilized tissue''' (pti, see also [[permeabilized muscle fibers]], pfi) are mitochondrial preparations obtained by selectively permeabilizing the plasma membrane mechanically or chemically (e.g., with [[saponin]]), for the exchange of soluble molecules between the cytosolic phase and external medium, without damaging the [[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.[[mitochondrial|mt]]-membranes.)
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha  + ('''Peroxisome proliferator-activated recep ā€¦ '''Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Ī³ (PPAR-Ī³) coactivator-1Ī±''' (PGC-1Ī±) is a protein which functions as an inducible transcriptional coactivator, a coregulator of transcription factors, particularly [[NRF-1]] and [[TFAM]]. PGC-1Ī± was first described in 1998 ([[Puigserver 1998 Cell]]). PGC-1Ī± drives the formation of slow-twich muscle fibres ([[Lin 2002 Nature]]) and is increased upon endurance training ([[Norrbom 2004 J Appl Physiol]]). PGC-1Ī± expression is inhibited by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor Ī± (TNF-Ī±) and high levels of leptin. Upregulation of PGC-1Ī± expression is induced by increased [[eNOS]] activity -> [[MiPNet15.05_NO-manual|NO]] -> [[guanylate cyclase]] -> [[cGMP]] ([[Nisoli 2007 Circ Res]]). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases PGC-1Ī± expression through SIRT1 ([[Canto 2009 Nature]]).9 Nature]]).)
  • Phenylsuccinate  + ('''Phenylsuccinate''' is a competitive inhibitor of succinate transport (20 mM).)
  • Phosphocreatine  + ('''Phosphocreatine''' is a high energy compound in the skeletal muscle of vertebrates and is present in 4 to 5 times the concentration of ATP.)
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  + ('''Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase''' (P ā€¦ '''Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase''' (PEPCK) catalyzes the anabolic reaction of [[oxaloacetate]] (Oxa) to [[phosphoenolpyruvate]] at the expense of GTP. PEPCK is a cytoplasmatic enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis in mouse and rat liver, but 'is found in the mitochondria in the rabbit and chicken, and in both cytoplasm and mitochondria in the guinea pig' ([[Lehninger 1970 Worth Publishers |Lehninger 1970]]). In many anoxia-resistant animals, PEPCK plays an important catabolic role under severe hypoxia and anoxia at the PEPCK branchpoint ([[Hochachka 2002 Oxford Univ Press |Hochachka, Somero 2002)]], feeding malate into the reversed TCA cycle: malate is dismutated to pyruvate catalyzed by [[malic enzyme]] in the oxidative direction, and to fumarate in the reductive direction, leading to formation of succinate and ATP under anoxia ([[Gnaiger 1977 Invertebrate anoxibiosis |Gnaiger 1977]]).[[Gnaiger 1977 Invertebrate anoxibiosis |Gnaiger 1977]]).)
  • Phosphorescence  + ('''Phosphorescence''' is a similar phenome ā€¦ '''Phosphorescence''' is a similar phenomenon to [[fluorescence]]. However, instead of the electron returning to its original energy state following excitation, it decays to an intermediate state (with a different spin value) where it can remain for some time (minutes or even hours) before decaying to its original state. Phosphorescence is one form of [[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.[[Luminescence]], especially Photoluminescence.)
  • PhotoBiology  + ('''PhotoBiology''' is the science of the e ā€¦ '''PhotoBiology''' is the science of the effect of light on biological processes. This includes [[photosynthesis]], photochemistry, photophysics, photomorphogenesis, vision, bioluminescence, circadian rhythms and photodynamic therapy. Phototoxicity results from non-ionizing radiation (i.e. ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation). Non-ionizing radiation is any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum (photon energy below 10 eV) to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule. When photons interact with molecules, the molecules can absorb the photon energy and become excited, reacting with surrounding molecules and stimulating "photochemical" and "photophysical" changes. Respiration may be affected by light during photosynthesis or in dark respiration, with the transient response of [[light-enhanced dark respiration]].[[light-enhanced dark respiration]].)
  • Photodecomposition  + ('''Photodecomposition''' or photodegradati ā€¦ '''Photodecomposition''' or photodegradation is the process of decay of organic material induced by increasing light intensity. Under aerobic conditions, the enhancement of photodecomposition by light intensity can be quantified by oxygen consumption in a controlled light regime. consumption in a controlled light regime.)
  • Photodiode arrays  + ('''Photodiode arrays''' are two dimensiona ā€¦ '''Photodiode arrays''' are two dimensional assemblies of [[photodiodes]]. They are frequently used in conjunction with charge coupled devices (CCDs) for digital imaging. They can be used in combination with [[dispersion devices]] to detect wavelength dependent light intensities in a [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]].[[spectrophotometer]].)
  • Photodiodes  + ('''Photodiodes''' are photodetectors that ā€¦ '''Photodiodes''' are photodetectors that convert [[incident light]] into a current or voltage dependent on their configuration. They have replaced photomultiplier tubes for most applications. For fluorometric measurements that do not require spectral data, a single photodiode with suitable [[filters]] can be used. Due to their larger detection area, they are more sensitive than [[photodiode arrays]].[[photodiode arrays]].)
  • Photorespiration  + ('''Photorespiration''' is the process by w ā€¦ '''Photorespiration''' is the process by which the enzyme RuBisCo oxygenates ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) instead of carboxylating it as part of the Calvin-Benson cycle, creating phosphoglycolate, a product that cannot be used within this cycle, thus dissipating the energy in [[photosynthesis]]. It is estimated that approximately 25 % of RuBisCo reactions are photorespiration, meaning a potential 25 % reduction in photosynthetic output due to the carbon fixed by photorespiration being released as carbon dioxide and nitrogen as ammonia, while the other product, 3-phosphoglycerate (G3P), requires a higher metabolic cost. This process involves a complex network of enzymes and metabolite exchanges between the chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. It is also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C<sub>2</sub> photosynthesis. Environmental conditions tend to affect it, such as temperature and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. C<sub>4</sub> plants, CAM plants and algae have biochemical and biophysical mechanisms to overcome the photosynthetic losses due to photorespiration making them more photosynthetically efficient than C<sub>3</sub> plants. [https://www.biotechniques.com/molecular-biology/new-photorespiratory-pathways-the-key-to-humanitys-survival/ Recent plant biotechnology advances] focuse on increasing plant photosynthetic carbon fixation by reducing photorespiration loses.asing plant photosynthetic carbon fixation by reducing photorespiration loses.)
  • Photosynthesis  + ('''Photosynthesis''' is the process that c ā€¦ '''Photosynthesis''' is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy which is subsequently transformed to the physiological energy demand. Photosynthesis has a light-dependent and light-independent (dark) phase. In plants, algae, and cynobacteria, light energy is absorbed during the light phase by the pigment chlorophyll and used to split water and generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reducing power - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), with the net production of O<sub>2</sub> as a waste product. During the dark phase ATP and NADPH are used to synthesize carbohydrates from CO<sub>2</sub> through the metabolic pathway called Calvin-Benson cycle. Oxygenic photosynthesis is responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen concentration of the Earthā€™s atmosphere. In bacteria such as cyanobacteria, photosynthesis involves the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells (plants and algae), photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.plants and algae), photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.)
  • Piericidin  + ('''Piericidin''' C<sub>25</sub> ā€¦ '''Piericidin''' C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>37</sub>NO<sub>4</sub> is an antibiotic (isolated from ''Streptomyces mobaraensis'') showing similarity with ubiquinone structure which has a potent and competitive inhibitory effect of [[Complex I |CI]] (it competes with endogenous and partially with exogenous Q for binding sites). CI inhibitors have been divided (''1'') depending of the site of action (functional classification): quinone antagonists (e.g. piericidin A, first site), semiquinone antagonists (piericidin A, second site; piericidin B; [[Rotenone| rotenone]] and quinol antagonists (myxothiazol; stigmatellin), and (''2'') depending on their effect on ROS production: inducing ROS production (e.g. rotenone, piericidin A, Rolliniastatin-1 and -2) and preventing ROS production (e.g. stigmatellin, capsaicin, mucidin and coenzyme Q2). In plants, pieridicin A inhibits photosystem II.in, mucidin and coenzyme Q2). In plants, pieridicin A inhibits photosystem II.)
  • Plan S  + ('''Plan S''' is an initiative for [[Open Access]] ā€¦ '''Plan S''' is an initiative for [[Open Access]] publishing that was launched in September 2018. The plan is supported by cOAlition S, an international consortium of research funding and performing organisations. Plan S requires that, from 2021, scientific publications that result from research funded by public grants must be published in compliant Open Access journals or platforms. According to [https://www.scienceeurope.org/our-priorities/open-access Science Europe], "Plan S requires that recipients of research funding from cOAlition S organisations make the resulting publications available immediately (without embargoes) and under open licences, either in quality Open Access platforms or journals or through immediate deposit in open repositories that fulfil the necessary conditions."ies that fulfil the necessary conditions.")
  • Platelet-rich plasma  + ('''Platelet-rich plasma''' (PRP) is obtain ā€¦ '''Platelet-rich plasma''' (PRP) is obtained as the upper layer at low-speed centrifugation (around 150-200 ''g''), when white and red blood cells sediment and thus get separated from plasma containing the [[platelet]]s. For further details see [[blood cell preparation]].[[blood cell preparation]].)
  • Platelet  + ('''Platelets''' or '''thrombocytes''' (PLT) are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes with hemostatic function in the blood stream. PLT are anucleated but contain functioning mitochondria that play a critical role in PLT activation.)
  • Poicilotherms  + ('''Poicilotherms''' are [[ectotherms]] whose body temperatures conform to the temperature of the milieu in a thermally variable environment.)
  • Redox poise  + ('''Poise'''=A state of balance. '''Redox p ā€¦ '''Poise'''=A state of balance. '''Redox poise''' in electron transport occurs when each electron-carrying intermediate is present in both its oxidized state and its reduced state, in order for that component both to accept and to donate electrons or hydrogen atoms. Redox poise is likely to be essential in the Q-cycle, where the plastosemiquinone participates in one-electron transfer with cytochrome ''b'', despite its tendency to transfer its single electron to oxygen, generating superoxide. When applied to noncyclic electron transport, ''redox poise'' indicates a position of optimal redox state where the activity of components are such that their effective redox potentials favor physiologically useful electron transfer. physiologically useful electron transfer.)
  • Polarographic oxygen sensor  + ('''Polarographic oxygen sensors''' (POS) a ā€¦ '''Polarographic oxygen sensors''' (POS) are operated with a polarization voltage between the cathode and anode, connected by an electrolyte. Cathode, anode and electrolyte are separated from the analyte by an oxygen-permeable membrane. Oxygen is reduced at the cathode such that the local oxygen concentration is maintained at zero, and diffuses along the concentration gradient from the stirred medium to the cathode, resulting in a linear calibration between oxygen partial pressure and electric current [Amp] (amperometric mode of operation). The [[OroboPOS]] is the POS applied in the [[Oroboros O2k]].[[Oroboros O2k]].)
  • Polyether ether ketone  + ('''Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)''' is a s ā€¦ '''Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)''' is a semicrystalline organic polymer thermoplastic, which is chemically very resistant, with excellent mechanical properties. PEEK is compatible with ultra-high vacuum applications, and its resistance against oxygen diffusion make it an ideal material for high-resolution respirometry ([[POS]] insulation; coating of stirrer bars; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).rs; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).)
  • Polyvinylidene fluoride  + ('''Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)''' is a ā€¦ '''Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)''' is a pure thermoplastic fluoropolymer, which is chemically very resistant, with excellent mechanical properties. ''It is used generally in applications requiring the highest purity, strength, and resistance to solvents, acids, bases and heat'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride Wikipedia]). PVDF is resistant against oxygen diffusion which makes it an ideal material for high-resolution respirometry (coating of stirrer bars; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).rs; stoppers for closing the O2k-Chamber).)
  • Post-examination procedures  + ('''Post-examination procedures''', in the ā€¦ '''Post-examination procedures''', in the postanalytical phase, are processes following the examination including systematic review, formatting and interpretation, authorization for release, reporting and transmission of the results, and storage of samples of the examinations.nd storage of samples of the examinations.)
  • Potentiometry  + ('''Potentiometry''' is the general term gi ā€¦ '''Potentiometry''' is the general term given to the method of measuring the electric potential difference between two electrodes connected by an electrolytic solution. The potential of the reference electrode is constant. The other electrode is called the indicator electrode. If this is an ion-selective electrode which is in equilibrium with the solution, the measured electric potential difference is proportional to the (negative) logarithm of the activity of a specific ion in the solution. Examples are the pH glass electrode for measurement of pH, and the TPP<sup>+</sup> electrode for measurement of pTPP and calculation of mt-membrane potential.ment of pTPP and calculation of mt-membrane potential.)
  • Power  + ('''Power''' ''P'' [W = JĀ·s<sup>-1< ā€¦ '''Power''' ''P'' [W = JĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>] is [[exergy]] per time, or [[force]] times [[flow]], which cannot be created internally yet is not conserved but is dissipated (''P'' < 0) in irreversible energy transformations at constant temperature and (barometric) pressure, ''T'',''p''. Metabolic power and heat flux of irreversible processes are distinguished as the time rate of Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes, respectively. rate of Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes, respectively.)
  • Pre-examination procedures  + ('''Pre-examination procedures''', in the p ā€¦ '''Pre-examination procedures''', in the preanalytical phase, are steps starting, in chronological order, from the clinicianā€™s request and including the examination requisition, preparation of the patient, collection of the primary sample, and transportation to and within the laboratory, and ending when the analytical examination procedure begins.e analytical examination procedure begins.)
  • PrePubMed  + ('''PrePubMed''' indexes preprints from [[ArXiv preprint server |arXiv q-bio]] ā€¦ '''PrePubMed''' indexes preprints from [[ArXiv preprint server |arXiv q-bio]], [[PeerJ Preprints 'pre-print' area of PeerJ |PeerJ Preprints]], [[BioRxiv preprint server for biology |bioRxiv]], [[F1000Research]], [[Preprints multidisciplinary preprint platform |preprints.org]], The Winnower, Nature Precedings, and Wellcome Open Research. Articles are not stored on PrePubMed, but you will be linked to the article at the respective site.ked to the article at the respective site.)
  • Precision  + ('''Precision of measurement''' is the clos ā€¦ '''Precision of measurement''' is the closeness of agreement between independent results of measurements obtained under stipulated conditions [SOURCE: ISO 3534-1:1993, 3.14]. Precision of measurement cannot be given a numerical value in terms of the [[measurand]], only descriptions such as 'sufficient' or 'insufficient' for a stated purpose. The degree of precision is usually expressed numerically by the statistical measures of imprecision of measurements, such as standard deviation and coefficient of variation, that are inversely related to precision. "Precision" of a given measurement procedure is subdivided according to the specified precision conditions. "[[Repeatability]]" relates to essentially unchanged conditions and is often termed "withinserial" or "within-run precision". "[[Reproducibility]]" relates to changes in conditions, e.g. time, different laboratories, operators, and measuring systems (including different calibrations and reagent batches).fferent calibrations and reagent batches).)
  • Preparation of SUIT chemicals  + ('''Preparation of SUIT chemicals''' describes the preparation of chemicals used in Substrate-Uncoupler-Inhibitor Ttitration (SUIT) protocols.)
  • Preprints multidisciplinary preprint platform  + ('''Preprints''' is a platform dedicated to ā€¦ '''Preprints''' is a platform dedicated to making early versions of research outputs permanently available and citable. We post original research articles and comprehensive reviews, and papers can be updated by authors at any time. Content on ''Preprints'' is not peer-reviewed and can receive feedback from readers. ''Preprints'' focuses on original research articles and comprehensive reviews. Editorials, discussion papers, and commentary are usually not suitable. Preprints is fully owned and funded by MDPI, an open access journal publisher. It is run on a non-profit basis. You do not need to submit to an MDPI journal in order to post a preprint here, any work is welcome. If you do submit to an MDPI journal, you will be invited to submit to Preprints.org during the submission process. </br></br>''Preprints'' has the following features: ''Multidisciplinary'': We cover all research disciplines. ''Open access'': All preprints are posted with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, ensuring that authors retain copyright and receive credit for their work, while allowing anyone to read and reuse their work. '' Citation via Crossref DOI'': Each preprint has a unique digital object identifier issued by Crossref. This makes them instantly citable and provides a permanent link to the article, even if the URL on our platform changes. New versions of preprints receive a different DOI. ''Comment on any article'': Authors can receive public or private feedback from readers directly from the preprint abstract page. ''Simple submission process'': Submitting a preprint only requires basic information, our team of editors will do the rest and post your preprint as soon as possible. </br></br>MDPI.com is a platform for peer-reviewed, scientific open-access journals operated by MDPI, based in Basel, Switzerland (since 1996). MDPI is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics ([https://publicationethics.org/ COPE]). To verify the originality of content submitted to our journals, we use [http://www.ithenticate.com/ iThenticate] to check submissions against previous publications. MDPI works with [https://publons.com/about/home/ Publons] to provide reviewers with credit for their work.vide reviewers with credit for their work.)
  • Pressure  + ('''Pressure''' is a fundamental quantity e ā€¦ '''Pressure''' is a fundamental quantity expressing energy per volume. The SI unit of pressure is generally pascal [Pa] = [JĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>]. The term 'stress' (mechanical stress) is used as a synonym for pressure ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |SI]]). Pressure is known in physics as mechanical pressure, which is force per area, ''p'' = ''F''Ā·''A''<sup>-1</sup> [Pa] = [NĀ·m<sup>-2</sup>]. In physical chemistry, gas pressure is defined as ''p'' = ''n''Ā·''V''<sup>-1</sup>Ā·''RT'', where the [[concentration]] is ''c'' = ''n''Ā·''V''<sup>-1</sup> [molĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>], ''R'' is the [[gas constant]], and ''T'' is the absolute temperature, and ''RT'' is expressed in units of chemical force [JĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup>]. van't Hoff's osmotic pressure assumes the same form applied to dissolved substances diffusing across a semipermeable membrane, but concentrations should be replaced by [[activity |activities]]. The activity of dissolved gases is expressed by the [[partial pressure]], where the [[solubility]] can be seen as an activity coefficient. Pressure appears explicitely or implicitely in all chapters of physics and physical chemistry. In contrast to the universal counterparts energy and force, however, the general connections between various isomorphic expressions of pressure remain poorly understood: Pressure is the concentration of the [[force]] at the point of [[action]]. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction.]]. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction.)
  • Temperature plot empty  + ('''Problem:''' Layout "01 Calibration Exp. ā€¦ '''Problem:''' Layout "01 Calibration Exp. Gr3-Temp" is selected, a third plot is displayed on the screen but it remains empty (no plot is shown). Newer versions of [[DatLab]] include pre-installed layouts which do not recognize some channel designations from older O2k series.hannel designations from older O2k series.)
  • Proficiency test  + ('''Proficiency testing''' PT is an evaluat ā€¦ '''Proficiency testing''' PT is an evaluation of participant performance against pre-established criteria by means of interlaboratory comparisons. Some PT providers in the medical area use the term ā€œExternal Quality Assessment (EQA)ā€ for their proficiency testing schemes, or for their broader programmes, or both. Internal PT strategies may be implemented into laboratory science as practical steps towards PT to achieve reproducibility.eps towards PT to achieve reproducibility.)
  • Proline dehydrogenase  + ('''Proline dehydrogenase''' (ProDH), L-pro ā€¦ '''Proline dehydrogenase''' (ProDH), L-proline:quinone oxidoreductase, is located on the inner side of the [[mtIM]], oxidizing [[proline]] to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, with reduction of FAD to FADH<sub>2</sub> and direct entry into the [[Q-junction]], exerting an additive effect of convergent pathways. ProDH is widely distributed in a variety of organisms, is a source of ROS, and may play a role in carcinogenesis. source of ROS, and may play a role in carcinogenesis.)
  • Proton slip  + ('''Proton slip''' is a property of the pro ā€¦ '''Proton slip''' is a property of the proton pumps (Complexes CI, CIII, and CIV) when the [[proton]] slips back to the matrix side within the proton pumping process. Slip is different from the [[proton leak]], which depends on Ī”''p'' and is a property of the inner mt-membrane (including the boundaries between membrane-spanning proteins and the lipid phase). Slip is an uncoupling process that depends mainly on flux and contributes to a reduction in the [[biochemical coupling efficiency]] of ATP production and oxygen consumption. Together with proton leak and cation cycling, proton slip is compensated for by [[LEAK respiration]] or LEAK oxygen flux, ''L''. Compare: [[Proton leak]].[Proton leak]].)
  • PubMed  + ('''PubMed''' is a free search tool for articles in the life sciences field.)
  • Publication efficiency  + ('''Publication efficiency''' is the fracti ā€¦ '''Publication efficiency''' is the fraction ''F''<sub>r,a/p</sub> of reproducible publications ''N''<sub>r</sub> which are among the number ''N''<sub>a</sub> of publications that receive attention and meaningful interpretation, per total count ''N''<sub>p</sub> of all published communications. Publication efficiency ''F''<sub>r,a/p</sub> = ''F''<sub>r/p</sub>Ā·''F''<sub>a/p</sub> is low due to (''1'') the reproducibility crisis expressed as low reproducibility efficiency ''F''<sub>r/p</sub> = ''N''<sub>r</sub>/''N''<sub>p</sub>, and (''2'') the inflation crisis expressed as low attention efficiency ''F''<sub>a/p</sub> = ''N''<sub>a</sub>/''N''<sub>p</sub>. Estimates of these partial efficiencies vary from field to field. With ''F''<sub>r/p</sub>=0.15 and ''F''<sub>a/p</sub>=0.05, the current publication efficiency is as low as 0.0075, or only 0.75 % of all presently published communictions are reproducible and receive attention and meaningful interpretation. Reduction of the number of irreproducible zero-value publications is the most effective measure to reduce the paper mass excess (PME) in the reproducibility-inflation (R&I)-crisis. Several regulatory mechanisms for improvement are practically ignored although theoretically available.ons is the most effective measure to reduce the paper mass excess (PME) in the reproducibility-inflation (R&I)-crisis. Several regulatory mechanisms for improvement are practically ignored although theoretically available.)
  • Pyruvate carboxylase  + ('''Pyruvate carboxylase''' synthesizes [[oxaloacetate]] ā€¦ '''Pyruvate carboxylase''' synthesizes [[oxaloacetate]] from [[pyruvate]] and CO<sub>2</sub> as an [[anaplerosis |anaplerotic reaction]] in the mitochondrial matrix of the liver and kidney of higher animals, representing an alternative to the [[malic enzyme]] pathway to oxaloacetate or the [[phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase]] reaction (compare glyoxylate cycle in plants and microorganisms). Carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate requires Mg-ATP. Acetyl CoA is a strong positive modulator. PC can form pyruvate from oxaloacetate to remove an excess of oxaloacetate which inhibits succinate dehydrogenase.f oxaloacetate which inhibits succinate dehydrogenase.)
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase  + ('''Pyruvate dehydrogenase''' is the first ā€¦ '''Pyruvate dehydrogenase''' is the first component enzyme of the [[pyruvate dehydrogenase complex]], which catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of [[pyruvate]] in the mt-matrix, and yields [[acetyl-CoA]]. PDH is known as the mitochondrial gatekeeper in the core energy pathway of electron flow into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.on flow into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.)
  • Q calibration - DatLab  + ('''Q calibration''')
  • Q-cycle  + ('''Q-cycle''' refers to the sequential oxi ā€¦ '''Q-cycle''' refers to the sequential oxidation and reduction of the electron carrier Coenzyme Q (CoQ or [[ubiquinone]]) in mitochondria or plastoquinones in the photosynthetic system. Originally, the concept of the Q-cycle was proposed by [[Mitchell P|Peter D Mitchell]]. Following several modifications, the Q-cycle is established, describing how [[CIII]] translocates hydrogen ions against the protonmotive force. The reduced CoQ ([[quinol |ubiquinol]] QH<sub>2</sub>) binds to the Q<sub>o</sub> site of CIII, while the oxidized CoQ ([[ubiquinone]] Q) to the Q<sub>i</sub> site of CIII. First, QH<sub>2</sub> reduces the iron-sulfur protein and feeds cytochrome ''c''<sub>1</sub> with one electron. The other electron is transferred to the ''b''<sub>L</sub> heme and reduces the ''b''<sub>H</sub> heme, which transfers the electron to ubiquinone at the Q<sub>i</sub>-site which is reduced to a [[semiquinone]]. A second QH<sub>2</sub> is required to fully reduce semiquinone to ubiquinol. At the end of the Q-cycle, four protons leave the mt-matrix and enter the intermembrane space, and the reduced cytochrome ''c'' transfers electrons to CIV. The ubiquinol generated at the Q<sub>i</sub>-site can be reused by binding to the Q<sub>o</sub>-site of CIII.chrome ''c'' transfers electrons to CIV. The ubiquinol generated at the Q<sub>i</sub>-site can be reused by binding to the Q<sub>o</sub>-site of CIII.)
  • Quenching  + ('''Quenching''' is the name given to any p ā€¦ '''Quenching''' is the name given to any process that reduces [[fluorescence]] intensity. Molecular oxygen is a [[fluorescence]] and [[phosphorescence]] quencher for some substances ā€“ a phenomenon that has been made use of in constructing optical probes for measuring oxygen.cting optical probes for measuring oxygen.)
  • Quinol  + ('''Quinol''' is a class of ''reduced'' org ā€¦ '''Quinol''' is a class of ''reduced'' organic compounds derived from quinone (oxidized form) by two-electron and two-proton reduction. In the mitochondrial electron transfer system, ubiquinol or reduced [[coenzyme Q]] can be found, while in the photosynthetic systems plastoquinols (particularly PQ<sub>9</sub>) are common. These redox compounds exist in three different redox states: [[quinone]] (oxidized), quinol (reduced), and an intermediate [[semiquinone]].[[semiquinone]].)
  • Quinone  + ('''Quinone''' is a class of ''oxidized'' o ā€¦ '''Quinone''' is a class of ''oxidized'' organic compounds with a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure derived from aromatic compounds. [[Ubiquinone]] or coenzmye Q is the naturally occurring quinone in the mitochondrial [[ETS]], while in the photosynthetic system plastoquinones are common. The quinone is reduced either to an unstable semiquinone by one hydrogen atom or to a quinol by two electrons and two protons.a quinol by two electrons and two protons.)
  • Rapamycin  + ('''Rapamycin''' is an inhibitor of the mam ā€¦ '''Rapamycin''' is an inhibitor of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin, complex 1 (mTORC1). Rapamycin induces autophagy and dyscouples mitochondrial respiration. Rapamycin delays senescence in human cells, and extends lifespan in mice without detrimental effects on mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle. mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle.)
  • Reactive nitrogen species  + ('''Reactive nitrogen species''', RNS, are nitric oxide-derived oxidants. The main source of RNS is [[nitric oxide]] (NOā€¢). NOā€¢ plays an important role in cell signaling and in oxidative-nitrosative stress.)
  • Reactive oxygen species  + ('''Reactive oxygen species''', ROS, are mo ā€¦ '''Reactive oxygen species''', ROS, are molecules derived from molecular [[oxygen]], including free oxygen radicals, which are more reactive than O<sub>2</sub>. Physiologically and pathologically important ROS include [[superoxide]], the [[hydroxyl radical]] and [[hydroxide ion]], [[hydrogen peroxide]] and other [[peroxides]]. These are important in cell signalling, oxidative defence mechanisms and [[oxidative stress]].[[oxidative stress]].)
  • Reference material  + ('''Reference material''' (RM) is material ā€¦ '''Reference material''' (RM) is material or substance one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement procedure, or for assigning values to materials (adapted from VIM: 1993, 6.13). The adjective 'homogeneous' refers to the physical homogeneity between macroscopic parts of the material, not to any microheterogeneity between molecules of the analyte.'''Primary reference material''' is reference material having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is determined by means of a primary reference measurement procedure. The concept "primary calibrator" is subordinate to "calibrator" (see 3.7) and to "primary reference material". 3.7) and to "primary reference material".)
  • References in BEC https-format  + ('''References in BEC https-format''' show ā€¦ '''References in BEC https-format''' show (''1'') the list of authors, (''2'') the year of publication in parentheses, (''3'') the title of the publication, and (''4'') the https://doi.org/ link. Removing all the unnecessary detail of journal name and pages, the focus is on authors, year, and title of the reference, which is a concept in line with [[DORA]]. The https-link then does the full job. In exceptional cases when there is no such link, the following formats would apply: a https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ link, a link directly to an Open Access pdf, or the old conventional format for the reference. Scientific journals apply ''yesterday's concepts'' in the various formats of references with bewildering abbreviations of journals, volumes, issues, page numbers. We can do ''today's job'' much better using the BEC https-format: </br><small></br># Arese Lucini F, Morone F, Tomassone MS, Makse HA (2021) Diversity increases the stability of ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228692</br># Begley CG, Ioannidis JPA (2015) Reproducibility in science: improving the standard for basic and preclinical research. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303819. </br># Buranyi S (2017) Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science? https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/27/profitable-business-scientific-publishing-bad-for-science </br># Cardoso LHD, Doerrier C, Gnaiger E (2021) Magnesium Green for fluorometric measurement of ATP production does not interfere with mitochondrial respiration. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0001 </br># Day S, Rennie S, Luo D, Tucker JD (2020) Open to the public: paywalls and the public rationale for open access medical research publishing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-0182-y</br># Gnaiger E (2001) Bioenergetics at low oxygen: dependence of respiration and phosphorylation on oxygen and adenosine diphosphate supply. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00307-3 </br># ā€¦.</br></small></br>Compare with a conventional reference format in: Gnaiger E (2021) Beyond counting papers ā€“ a mission and vision for scientific publication. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0005ic publication. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0005)
  • Reliability  + ('''Reliability''' relates the magnitude of ā€¦ '''Reliability''' relates the magnitude of the measurement error in observed measurements (i.e., precision or intermediate precision) to the inherent variability in the ā€˜error-freeā€™, ā€˜trueā€™, or underlying level of the quantity between subjects. The value of the reliability takes a value between 0 and 1. When the variability value is zero, indicates that all the variability in the measurements is due to measurement error. And, on the contrary, when the value is 1 indicates that there is a zero error in the measurement error. It is also known as the intraclass correlation, as it equals the correlation between any two measurements made on the same subject.two measurements made on the same subject.)
  • Repetitions  + ('''Repetitions''' of an [[experiment]] ā€¦ '''Repetitions''' of an [[experiment]] or [[assay]] are designed to obtain statistical information on the methodological [[precision]] of the measurements. A number of repetitions, ''n'', of measurements are performed on the same sample, applying an identical experimental protocol to subsamples, without providing any information on variability between samples.nformation on variability between samples.)
  • Replica  + ('''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] ā€¦ '''Replica''' are designed in scientific [[study |studies]] to evaluate the effect of uncontrolled variability on a result obtained from an [[experiment]] on a single [[sample]], to describe the variability and distribution of experimental results, and to obtain statistical information such as the median or average for a defined [[sample size]]. It may be useful to make a terminological distinction between ''replica'' of experiments, ''N'', designed to obtain statistical information on the [[population]], and ''[[repetitions]]'' of [[experiment]]s or [[assay]]s, ''n'', designed to obtain statistical information on the methodological [[precision]] of the measurements. The terms [[study]], [[experiment]] and [[assay]] have to be defined carefully in this context.e to be defined carefully in this context.)
  • Research  + ('''Research''' is a term composed of '''se ā€¦ '''Research''' is a term composed of '''search''' and '''re'''. What does this tell us? The best comparison of the English with a German word is ''Untersuchung'', composed of ''suchung'' (search) and ''unter'' (below). The term ''search'' (suchen) is straightforward to understand and comparable in both languages. The prefix ''re'' and ''unter'' are more difficult to reconcile, yet in both languages these perfixes reveal complementary if not nearly identical messages. ''re'' means {''Quote''} back to the original place; again, anew, once more {''end of Quote''} [1], whereas ''unter'' means ''below'' or ''underneath''. Re-search, therefore, is not simply the search or investigation of some topic or problem, it means essentially doing the search again and again (re -> re-producibility) and penetrating ''below'' a simple search by reaching out for an underlying level of the search. The ''re'' in re-search and re-producibility has to be extended ultimately from a single re-search group to inter-laboratory re-investigation. This tells us, therefore, that while ''search'' is valuable, ''re-search'' provides the necessary validation. This re-evaluation of confirmative re-search should be re-cognized as the most important strategy to address the [[reproducibility crisis]].[[reproducibility crisis]].)
  • Resorufin  + ('''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe us ā€¦ '''Resorufin''' is a fluorescence probe used in various biological assays. Among others, it is the product obtained in the [[Horseradish_peroxidase| Horseradish peroxidase]]-catalyzed assay using [[Amplex_red| Amplex Red]] for the measurement of [[Hydrogen_peroxide| H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]] production.[[Hydrogen_peroxide| H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]] production.)
  • Respiratory complexes  + ('''Respiratory Complexes''' are membrane-bound enzymes consisting of several subunits which are involved in energy transduction of the respiratory system. [[Respiratory Complexes#Respiratory Complexes - more than five |Ā» '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Respiratory state  + ('''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] ā€¦ '''Respiratory states''' of [[mitochondrial preparations]] and [[living cells]] are defined in the current literature in many ways and with a diversity of terms. Mitochondrial respiratory states must be defined in terms of both, the [[coupling-control state]] and the [[electron-transfer-pathway state]].[[electron-transfer-pathway state]].)
  • Respirometry  + ('''Respirometry''' is the quantitative mea ā€¦ '''Respirometry''' is the quantitative measurement of respiration. ''Respiration is therefore a combustion, a very slow one to be precise'' (Lavoisier and Laplace 1783). Thus the ''basic idea of using calorimetry to explore the ''sources'' and ''dynamics'' of heat changes were present in the origins of bioenergetics'' ([[Gnaiger_1983_J Exp Zool|Gnaiger 1983]]). Respirometry provides an ''indirect'' calorimetric approach to the measurement of metabolic heat changes, by measuring oxygen uptake (and carbon dioxide production and nitrogen excretion in the form of ammonia, urea, or uric acid) and converting the oxygen consumed into an [[enthalpy]] change, using the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]. Liebig (1842) showed that the substrate of oxidative respiration was protein, carbohydrates, and fat. ''The sum of these chemical changes of materials under the influence of living cells is known as [[metabolism]]'' (Lusk 1928). The amount (volume STP) of carbon dioxide expired to the amount (volume STP) of oxygen inspired simultaneously is the respiratory quotient, which is 1.0 for the combustion of carbohydrate, but less for lipid and protein. Voit (1901) summarized early respirometric studies carried out by the ''Munich school'' on patients and healthy controls, concluding that ''the metabolism in the body was not proportional to the combustibility of the substances outside the body, but that protein, which burns with difficulty outside, metabolizes with the greatest ease, then carbohydrates, while fats, which readily burns outside, is the most difficultly combustible in the organism.'' Extending these conclusions on the ''sources'' of metabolic heat changes, the corresponding ''dynamics'' or respiratory control was summarized (Lusk 1928): ''The absorption of oxygen does not cause metabolism, but rather the amount of the metabolism determines the amount of oxygen to be absorbed. .. metabolism regulates the respiration.''.. metabolism regulates the respiration.'')
  • Resting metabolic rate  + ('''Resting respiration''' or '''resting me ā€¦ '''Resting respiration''' or '''resting metabolic rate''' (RMR) is measured under standard conditions of an 8ā€“12-h fast and a 12-h abstinence from exercise. In an exemplary study ([[Haugen 2003 Am J Clin Nutr]]), "subjects rested quietly in the supine position in an isolated room with the temperature controlled to 21ā€“24Ā° C. RMR was measured for 15ā€“20 min. Criteria for a valid RMR was a minimum of 15 min of steady state, determined as a <10% fluctuation in oxygen consumption and <5% fluctuation in respiratory quotient". The main difference between RMR and BMR ([[basal metabolic rate]]) is the position of the subject during measurement. Resting metabolic rate is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human societies and increases with physical training state ([[Speakman 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).man 2003 Proc Nutr Soc]]).)
  • Resveratrol  + ('''Resveratrol''' is a natural bioactive phenol prouced by several plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary intake as nutraceutical is discussed for targeting mitochondria with a wide spectrum of action in degenerative diseases.)
  • Risk management  + ('''Risk management''' is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks.)
  • Rotenone  + ('''Rotenone''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex I]] (CI) and thus inhibits NADH oxidation. It inhibits the transfer of electrons from iron-sulfur clusters in CI to ubiquinone via binding to the ubiquinone binding site of CI. See also [[Succinate pathway]].)
  • Ruthenium red  + ('''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated r ā€¦ '''Ruthenium red''' (synonym: ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride) inhibits the mitochondrial Ca<sup>2+</sup> uniporter. However, in addition it has been shown to interact with and inhibit a large number of other proteins, including ion channels particularly of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) family [1], Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPases, and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2]. and, importantly, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) [2].)
  • SF6847  + ('''SF6847''' (C<sub>18</sub>H& ā€¦ '''SF6847''' (C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>22</sub>N<sub>2O</sub>), also known as tyrphostin A9 or malonoben, is a protonophore and a very potent [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]], being used in the nM range. Like all uncouplers, SF6847 concentrations must be titrated carefully to evaluate the [[Uncoupler#Optimum_uncoupler_concentration|optimum concentration]] for maximum stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.ion, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher concentrations.)
  • SGp-pathway control state  + ('''SGp''': [[Succinate]] & [[Glycerophosphate]]. '''MitoPathway control state:''' SGp; obtained with OctPGMSGp(Rot) '''SUIT protocol:''' [[SUIT-001]] and ((SUIT-002)
  • SUIT  + ('''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S''' ā€¦ '''SUIT''' is the abbreviation for '''S'''ubstrate-'''U'''ncoupler-'''I'''nhibitor '''T'''itration. SUIT protocols are used with mt-preparations to study respiratory control in a sequence of coupling and pathway control states induced by multiple titrations within a single experimental assay. These studies use biological samples economically to gain maximum information with a minimum amount of cells or tissue. with a minimum amount of cells or tissue.)
  • Safranin  + ('''Safranin''' is one of the most establis ā€¦ '''Safranin''' is one of the most established dyes for measuring [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] by [[fluorometry]]. It is an [[extrinsic fluorophores |extrinsic fluorophore]] with an excitation wavelength of 495 nm and emission wavelength of 587 nm. Safranin is a potent inhibitor of [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |N-linked respiration]] and of the [[phosphorylation system]].</br></br>''Synonyms:'' Safranin O, Safranin Y, Safranin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2nin T, Gossypimine, Cotton Red, Basic Red2)
  • Salicylhydroxamic acid  + ('''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synony ā€¦ '''Salicylhydroxamic acid''' (SHAM; synonym: 2-Hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide) is an inhibitor of the [[alternative oxidase]] (AOX). When AOX is blocked by SHAM, electrons are forced through the CIII-cytochrome ''c'' oxidase pathway, allowing observation of the operation of the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.the CIII-CIV pathway without AOX activity.)
  • Sample mass concentration  + ('''Sample mass [[concentration]]''' is ''C''<sub>''m''<sub>s</sub></sub> = ''m''<sub>s</sub>Ā·''V''<sup>-1</sup> [kgĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>].)
  • Sample size  + ('''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1 ā€¦ '''Sample size''' is an ambiguous term. (1) Size can be measured as an extensive quantity in terms of [[mass]] ''m''<sub>S</sub> [kg], [[volume]] ''V''<sub>S</sub> [m<sup>3</sup>], or [[energy]] ''E''<sub>S</sub> [J] of a pure [[sample]] S. If the sample consists of countable [[entity |entities]] ''X'', the [[count]] ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> [x] in sample S is an elementary quantity, in contrast to the extensive quantities used as indicators of sample size. (2) In statistics, however, the term 'sample size' does not refer to the individual sample, but indicates on the contrary the number of samples investigated or sampled from a study group. ''N'' is the number of [[sample]]s collected and assayed to obtain representative statistical information on the [[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.[[population]]. The population size defines the upper limit of the statistical sample size.)
  • Saponin  + ('''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] ā€¦ '''Saponin''' is a mild detergent that [[Permeabilization of plasma membrane|permeabilizes plasma membranes]] completely and selectively due to their high cholesterol content, whereas mt-membranes with lower cholesterol content are affected only at higher concentrations. Applied for [[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].[[Permeabilized tissue or cells|permeabilization of muscle fibres]].)
  • Save and Disconnect  + ('''Save and Disconnect''': Stops data acquisition and disconnects from the O2k (only for DatLab 7))
  • Save as - DatLab  + ('''Save as''' a DatLab file. When disconnected from the O2k, save the file under a different file name, optionally in a different directory.)
  • Save - DatLab  + ('''Save''' a DatLab file. When disconnecte ā€¦ '''Save''' a DatLab file. When disconnected from the O2k, save any changes made under the identical file name overwriting the previous file. Such changes do not affect the raw data of the experiment, but relate to calibrations, experimental protocol, marks, events, and layout.</br></br>'''Temporary backup files''' are generated by DatLab in the current user's temp directory, indicated by adding tmp.$$$ to the file name. These files are retained only if the PC has failed during data analysis. During data acquisition, the data are written continuously onto the file, hence backup files are not necessary under these conditions. are not necessary under these conditions.)
  • Scaling factor  + ('''Scaling factor''' determines the multiplication factor that is applied to the time derivative of the signal.)
  • Scaling - DatLab  + ('''Scaling''' a graph in [[DatLab]] ā€¦ '''Scaling''' a graph in [[DatLab]] provides flexibility to vary the display of the plots and create Graph layouts. It allows viewing a data plot in differently scaled graphs, zooming the signal and time scales, and scrolling along the axes of the graph provide maximum information on the current experiment. This does not influence the format of stored data. Different ranges for the axes change the appearance of data dramatically. It is highly recommended to use reference layouts. </br></br>Ā»''Compare:'' [[Select plots - DatLab]].[Select plots - DatLab]].)
  • Select O2k - DatLab  + ('''Select O2k - DatLab''')
  • Selectivity  + ('''Selectivity''' is the ability of a sensor or method to quantify accurately and specifically the analyte or analytes in the presence of other compounds.)
  • Semiquinone  + ('''Semiquinone''' is an unstable free radical derived either from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron from [[quinol]] (reduced form), or by the addition of a single hydrogen atom to a [[quinone]] (oxidized form).)
  • Sensitivity  + ('''Sensitivity''' refers to the response obtained for a given amount of analyte and is often denoted by two factors: the limit of detection and the limit of quantification.)
  • Serial port  + ('''Serial port''' describes the connection ā€¦ '''Serial port''' describes the connection between O2k and Computer. </br>With the [[USB-Cable 2.0\Type A-B]] connected, select '''Serial port''' in the [[Connection window]]. Depending on the [[O2k series]], it is possible to connect with a '''Serial port''' or [[USB port]].[[USB port]].)
  • Shredder-Accessory Box  + ('''Shredder-Accessory Box''': for storage and shipping of Shredder accessories.)
  • Sirtuins  + ('''Sirtuins''' are NAD<sup>+</sup ā€¦ '''Sirtuins''' are NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent deacetylases which play a prominent role as metabolic regulators. Their dependence on intracellular levels of NAD<sup>+</sup> (NAD<sup>+</sup> activates sirtuin activity, whereas NADH inhibits it) makes them suitable as sensors that can detect cellular energy status.</br>[[Sirtuins#Sirtuin_family |Ā» '''MiPNet article''']][[Sirtuins#Sirtuin_family |Ā» '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Azide  + ('''Sodium azide''' is an inhibitor of [[Complex IV]]/cytochrome ''c'' oxidase (CIV, COX, CcO).)
  • Sodium fluoride  + ('''Sodium fluoride (NaF)''' is used in combination with [[beryllium sulfate]] to form beryllium trifluoride (BeF<sup>3āˆ’</sup>), to inhibit the [[ATP synthase]] if it is exposed by disruption of the mitochondrial membranes.)
  • Sodium orthovanadate  + ('''Sodium vanadate (Na<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub>)''' is used as an ATPase inhibitor.)
  • Solution protocols  + ('''Solution protocols''' contain media, substrates, uncouplers, inhibitors used in [[SUIT|SUIT protocols]], permeabilization agents, etc.)
  • Specific quantity  + ('''Specific quantities''' are obtained whe ā€¦ '''Specific quantities''' are obtained when the [[extensive quantity]] is divided by system size, in contrast to [[intensive quantity|intensive quantities]]. ''The adjective'' specific ''before the name of an extensive quantity is often used to mean divided by mass'' ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |Cohen et al 2008]]). A mass-specific quantity (''e.g.'', mass-specific flux is flow divided by mass of the system) is independent of the extent of non-interacting homogenous subsystems. If mass-specific oxygen flux is constant and independent of system size (expressed as mass), then there is no interaction between the subsystems. The well-established scaling law in respiratory physiology reveals a strong interaction of oxygen consumption and body mass by the fact that mass-specific basal metabolic rate (oxygen flux) does not increase proportionally and linearly with body mass. Maximum mass-specific oxygen flux, ''V''<sub>O2max</sub>, is less mass-dependent across a large range of body mass of different mammalian species (Weibel and Hoppeler 2005).ifferent mammalian species (Weibel and Hoppeler 2005).)
  • Spectrophotometry  + ('''Spectrophotometry''' is the use of a [[spectrophotometer]] ā€¦ '''Spectrophotometry''' is the use of a [[spectrophotometer]] to measure the transmittance, reflectance or remittance of a material as a function of wavelength. See [[transmission spectrophotometry]], [[reflectance spectrophotometry]] and [[remission spectrophotometry]].[[remission spectrophotometry]].)
  • Spectroscopy  + ('''Spectroscopy''' is a broader term than [[spectrophotometry]] in that it is concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits any form electromagnetic radiation.)
  • Speed  + ('''Speed''', ''v'' [mĀ·s<sup>-1</s ā€¦ '''Speed''', ''v'' [mĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>], is the [[distance]], ''s'' [m], covered by a particle per unit time, irrespective of geometrical direction in space. Therefore, speed is not a [[vector]], in contrast to [[velocity]].</br> ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [mĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>][velocity]]. ''v'' = d''s''/d''t'' [mĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>])
  • Spermidine  + ('''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioacti ā€¦ '''Spermidine''' is a polycationic bioactive polyamine mainly found in wheat germ, soybean and various vegetables, involved in the regulation of mitophagy, cell growth and cell death. Like other caloric restriction mimetics, spermidine is effective in cardioprotection, neuroprotection and anticancer immunosuppression by preserving mitochondrial function and control of autophagy.ondrial function and control of autophagy.)
  • Stability  + ('''Stability''' determines the accuracy of intensity and [[absorbance]] measurements as a function of time. Instability (see [[drift]] introduces systematic errors in the [[accuracy]] of [[fluorescence]] and [[absorbance]] measurements.)
  • Standard operating procedures  + ('''Standard operating procedures''' are a set of step-by-step instructions to achieve a predictable, standardized, desired result often within the context of a longer overall process.)
  • State 1  + ('''State 1''' is the first respiratory sta ā€¦ '''State 1''' is the first respiratory state in an oxygraphic protocol described by [[Chance_1955_JBC-III|Chance and Williams (1955)]], when isolated mitochondria are added to mitochondrial respiration medium containing oxygen and inorganic phosphate, but no ADP and no reduced respiratory substrates. In State 1, [[LEAK respiration]] may be supported to some extent by undefined endogenous substrates, which are oxidized and slowly exhausted. After oxidation of endogenous substrates, only residual oxygen consumption remains ([[ROX]]).[[ROX]]).)
  • State 5  + ('''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] ā€¦ '''State 5''' is the [[respiratory state]] obtained in a protocol with isolated mitochondria after a sequence of [[State 1]] to [[State 4]], when the concentration of O<sub>2</sub> is depleted in the closed oxygraph chamber and zero oxygen (the anaerobic state) is reached ([[Chance 1955 JBC-III|Chance and Williams, 1955]]; Table I).</br></br>State 5 is defined in the original publication in two ways: ''State 5 may be obtained by antimycin A treatment or by anaerobiosis'' (Chance and Williams, 1955; page 414). [[Antimycin A]] treatment yields a State 5 equivalent to a state for measurement of [[residual oxygen consumption]], ROX (which may also be induced by [[rotenone]]+[[myxothiazol]]; [[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]). Setting State 5 equivalent to ROX or anoxia (Chance and Williams 1955) can be rationalized only in the context of measurement of cytochrome redox states, whereas in the context of respiration State 5 is usually referred to as [[anoxic]].[[anoxic]].)
  • Stirrer power  + ('''Stirrer power''' is switched on and off during operation of the [[Oroboros O2k]] in [[DatLab]] by pressing [F11] (left chamber) and [F12] (right chamber), respectively. This is functional only with a stirrer bar added to each O2k chamber.)
  • Stopper-Shaft conical\white PVDF\central Port  + ('''Stopper-Shaft conical\white [[PVDF]] ā€¦ '''Stopper-Shaft conical\white [[PVDF]]\central Port''': PVDF shaft with one central capillary and conical base, receptacle on the top for collecting excess medium during closing the O2k-Chamber and during titration; component of [[Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port]].</br></br>'''Discontinued'''[[Stopper\white PVDF\conical Shaft\central Port]]. '''Discontinued''')
  • Stray light  + ('''Stray light''' is defined as the detect ā€¦ '''Stray light''' is defined as the detected light of any wavelength that lies outside the [[bandwidth]] of the selected wavelength. In the presence of '''stray light''' of intensity ''I''<sub>''s''</sub>, the equation for [[transmittance]] (''T'') becomes ''T'' = (''I'' + ''I''<sub>''s''</sub>)/(''I''<sub>''0''</sub> + ''I''<sub>''s''</sub>) where ''I''<sub>''0''</sub> is the incident light intensity and ''I'' is the transmitted light intensity. Clearly, the lower the value of ''I'', the more dominant becomes the '''stray light''' term and so can cause errors in the quantification of low [[fluorescence]] signals or at high levels of [[absorbance]].[[absorbance]].)
  • Strobilurin  + ('''Strobilurin''': {''Quote''} Strobilurin ā€¦ '''Strobilurin''': {''Quote''} Strobilurins are a group of chemical compounds used in agriculture as fungicides. They are part of the larger group of QoI inhibitors, which act to inhibit {''end of Quote'': [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilurin]} respiratory [[Complex III]].[[Complex III]].)
  • Submitochondrial particles  + ('''Submitochondrial particles''' (smtp) co ā€¦ '''Submitochondrial particles''' (smtp) consist of membrane fragments which retain most of the enzymatic machinery required in electron transfer and [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Such membrane fragments are continuous closed vesicles formed by resealing of mt-membrane fragments after disruption of the mitochondrial structure. smtp are used to isolate the inner-[[membrane-bound ET pathway]] (mETS) from the upstream modules of the [[Electron transfer pathway]] (ETS) which are located in the mt-matrix and outer mt-membrane (transporters). smtp are obtained by treatment of mitochondria with membrane-dispersing agents such as digitonin at high concentration or by sonic irradiation.igh concentration or by sonic irradiation.)
  • Subsample  + ('''Subsamples''' can be obtained (1) from ā€¦ '''Subsamples''' can be obtained (1) from a homogenous [[sample]] (e.g. cell suspension, tissue homogenate, isolated mitochondria), (2) as subsamples obtained by splitting a sample into comparable parts (e.g. permeabilized muscle fibres from a biopsy split into different chambers for repeated measurements), or (3) repetitive sampling (e.g. taking multiple biopsies) at a single time point. Subsamples may be used for (i) application of different types of [[assay]] (e.g. for measurement of respiration and enzyme activities), and (ii) a number of [[repetitions]], ''n'', of the same assay on the same sample.n'', of the same assay on the same sample.)
  • Subscripts in physical chemistry  + ('''Subscripts in physical chemistry''' are ā€¦ '''Subscripts in physical chemistry''' are used to differentiate symbols of different quantities. While these subscripts need to be short to be readable, they have to be distinct and well defined. Several subscripts relate to fundamental terms and concepts, summarized in a list below. and concepts, summarized in a list below.)
  • Pathway control ratio  + ('''Substrate control ratios''' are [[flux control ratio]] ā€¦ '''Substrate control ratios''' are [[flux control ratio]]s ''FCR'', at a constant mitochondrial [[coupling-control state]]. Whereas there are only three well-defined coupling-control states of mitochondrial respiration, ''L'', ''P'', ''E'' ([[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]], [[Electron transfer pathway]]), numerous [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]s are possible. </br></br>Careful selection of the reference state, ''J''<sub>ref</sub>, is required, for which some guidelines may be provided without the possibility to formulate general rules. ''FCR'' are best defined by taking ''J''<sub>ref</sub> as the maximum flux (e.g. [[NS |NS<sub>''E''</sub>]]), such that flux in various other respiratory states, ''J<sub>i</sub>'', is smaller or equal to ''J''<sub>ref</sub>. However, this is not generally possible with ''FCR''. For instance, the [[N/S pathway control ratio]] (at constant coupling-control state) may be larger or smaller than 1.0, depending on the mitochondrial source and various mitochondrial injuries. The [[S-pathway control state]] may be selected preferentially as ''J''<sub>ref</sub>, if mitochondria with variable [[N]]-linked injuries are studied. In contrast, the [[reference state]], ''Z'', is strictly defined for [[flux control efficiency]].[[flux control efficiency]].)
  • Succinate dehydrogenase  + ('''Succinate dehydrogenase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] ā€¦ '''Succinate dehydrogenase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] enzyme converting [[succinate]] to [[fumarate]] while reducing FAD to FADH<sub>2</sub>. SDH is the largest component of the mt-inner membrane [[Complex II]] (CII) and thus part of the TCA cycle and [[electron transfer pathway]].[[electron transfer pathway]].)
  • Succinyl-CoA ligase  + ('''Succinyl-CoA ligase''' (SUCLA or SUCLG) ā€¦ '''Succinyl-CoA ligase''' (SUCLA or SUCLG) is a TCA cycle enzyme converting succinyl-CoA + ADP or (GDP) + Pi to [[succinate]] + ATP (GTP). Two different isoforms exsist: SUCLA (EC: 6.2.1.5) is the ATP-forming isoenzyme, SUCLG (EC: 6.2.1.4) is the GTP-forming isoenzyme. Both reactions are reversible. This reaction is attributed to mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation, which is considered as an alternative way of ATP synthesis because it is partially independent from the respiratory chain and from the mitochondrial proton motive force.rom the mitochondrial proton motive force.)
  • Sulfide quinone reductase  + ('''Sulfide quinone reductase''' (SQR) is i ā€¦ '''Sulfide quinone reductase''' (SQR) is involved in electron transfer from sulfide which is used as a hydrogen donor by the mitochondrial respiratory system. SQR is associated with a [[dioxygenase]] and a [[sulfur transferase]] to release thiosulfate (H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).(H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).)
  • Sulfite oxidase  + ('''Sulfite oxidase''' (SO) is a dimeric en ā€¦ '''Sulfite oxidase''' (SO) is a dimeric enzyme, located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, with each monomer containing a single Mo cofactor and cyt b5-type heme [1]. SO catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate as the terminal step in the metabolism of sulfur amino acids and is vital for human health. Inherited mutations in SO result in severe neurological problems, stunted brain growth, and early death [2]. </br></br>Function: SO catalyzes the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur amino acids with the formation of a sulfate, electrons pass to cytochrom ''c'' and are further utilized in the respiratory system.</br></br>Sulfite + O<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O --> Sulfate + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </br></br>Localization: The level of expression of SO differs in various tissues with main predominant localization in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, placenta, and brain in humans and liver, kidney, heart, brain, and lung in rats [3]. </br></br>Deficiency: SO is vital for metabolic pathways of sulfur amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Complete lack of this enzyme, typically caused by gene mutation, leads to lethal disease called sulfite oxidase deficiency characterized by neurological abnormalities with brain atrophy.ed sulfite oxidase deficiency characterized by neurological abnormalities with brain atrophy.)
  • Synchronous time axes  + ('''Synchronous time axes''' sets, if ticked, the time axes of all graphs at an identical range and offset, which is particularly useful while panning.)
  • T-Shirt: Oroboros black/organic cotton  + ('''T-Shirt Oroboros black/organic cotton''': An Oroboros on the front.)
  • TIP2k and O2k-upgrade\B  + ('''TIP2k and O2k-Upgrade\B''': Titration-Injection microPump TIP2k, including the electronic upgrade of the O2k-main unit returned to workshop (Series B-D). '''Discontinued''')
  • TIP2k cooling box  + ('''TIP2k-Cooling Box''': Cooling box for TIP2k syringes. '''Discontinued''')
  • TIP2k-Needle Safety Support  + ('''TIP2k-Needle Safety Support''': for safe storage of TIP2k-needles when not required during the experiment. This item is a standard component of the [[TIP2k-Module]].)
  • TMRM  + ('''TMRM''' (tetramethylrhodamine methyl es ā€¦ '''TMRM''' (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] used as a probe to determine changes in [[Mitochondrial_membrane_potential|mitochondrial membrane potential]]. TMRM is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix in proportion to Ī”''Ļˆ''<sub>mt</sub>. Upon accumulation of the dye it exhibits a red shift in its absorption and fluorescence emission spectrum. The fluorescence intensity is quenched when the dye is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix.en the dye is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix.)
  • Tetrahydrofolate  + ('''Tetrahydrofolate''', THF, is the substrate in mitochondrial folate-mediated 1C metabolism, an [[NADH-linked pathway]] leading to the formation of formate which is exported to the cytosol.)
  • Tetraphenylphosphonium  + ('''Tetraphenylphosphonium''' (TPP<sup>+</sup>). A lipophilic molecular probe in conjunction with an ion selective electrode (ISE) for [[Mitochondrial membrane potential | measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential]].)
  • Thenoyltrifluoroacetone  + ('''Thenoyltrifluoroacetone''' TTFA is a noncompetitive inhibitor of CII binding on the quinone-binding (SDHC/SDHD).)
  • Thioredoxin reductase  + ('''Thioredoxin reductase''' (TrxR) is a family of enzymes able to reduce thioredoxin in mammals.)
  • Time resolution  + ('''Time resolution''' in respirometric measurements is influenced by three parameters: the [[response time of the POS]], the data sampling interval and the number of points used for flux calculation.)
  • Traceability  + ('''Traceability''' is the property of the ā€¦ '''Traceability''' is the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties [SOURCE: VIM:1993, definition 6.10].nties [SOURCE: VIM:1993, definition 6.10].)
  • Trueness of measurement  + ('''Trueness of measurement''' is the close ā€¦ '''Trueness of measurement''' is the closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of results of measurements and a true value (adapted from ISO 3534-1:1993, definition 3.12). The degree of trueness is usually expressed numerically by the statistical measure bias that is inversely related to trueness and is the difference between the expectation of the results of measurement and a true value of the [[measurand]].[[measurand]].)
  • Trueness  + ('''Trueness''' is understood as the lack of [[bias]] and the instrument calibration procedures are the key factor on establishing and correcting it.)
  • USB-RS232 Serial Adapter  + ('''USB-RS232 Serial Adapter''', for connec ā€¦ '''USB-RS232 Serial Adapter''', for connecting the [[RS232-Cable]] attached to the [[O2k-Main Unit]] (Series A-D) to the USB port of the PC or laptop. This is not required for O2k-Series E, nor when using a PC or laptop with a serial RS232 port. '''Discontinued'''th a serial RS232 port. '''Discontinued''')
  • Uncertainty of measurement  + ('''Uncertainty of measurement''' is a para ā€¦ '''Uncertainty of measurement''' is a parameter, associated with the result of a [[measurement]], that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the [[measurand]]. The parameter can be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated level of confidence. The components of uncertainty are evaluated experimentally from statistical distributions (Type A) or evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information (Type B). All components are expressed as standard uncertainties that are combined into one final expression.at are combined into one final expression.)
  • Uncoupling protein 1  + ('''Uncoupling protein 1''' (UCP1) is also ā€¦ '''Uncoupling protein 1''' (UCP1) is also called thermogenin and is predominantly found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). UCP1 belongs to the gene family of [[uncoupling proteins]]. It is vital for the maintenance of body temperature, especially for small mammals. As the essential component of non-shivering thermogenesis, it possesses the ability to build and open a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane through which protons may flow along their electrochemical gradient, generated by respiration, bypassing the ATP-producing re-entry site at the F1F0-ATP synthase. Thereby the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is dissipated as heat.rochemical gradient is dissipated as heat.)
  • Uncoupling protein 2  + ('''Uncoupling protein 2''' (UCP2) belongs to the gene family of [[uncoupling proteins]]. Whereas [[Uncoupling protein 1 |UCP1]] acts as an [[uncoupler]], this may not be the case for UCP2.)
  • Uncoupling proteins  + ('''Uncoupling proteins''' (UCPs) are mitoc ā€¦ '''Uncoupling proteins''' (UCPs) are mitochondrial anion carrier proteins that can be found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of animals and plants. [[Uncoupling protein 1 |UCP1]] acts as an [[uncoupler]] by dissipating the electrochemical proton gradient ([[mitochondrial membrane potential]]), generated by the [[electron transfer pathway]] by pumping protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. to the mitochondrial intermembrane space.)
  • Units in figures and tables  + ('''Units in figures and tables''' are spec ā€¦ '''Units in figures and tables''' are specified together with the numerical values. The ''value'' of a quantity ''Q'' is the product of a [[number]] ''N'' and a [[unit]] ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub>. Abstract units ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub> (such as dm<sup>3</sup>=L, kg, J) are linked to measured quantities (such as volume, mass, energy): </br> Eq.(1) ''Q''<sub>''u''</sub> = ''N''Ā·''u''<sub>''Q''</sub></br></br>The multiplication in Eq.(1) can be handled like any mathematical equation and re-arranged to the form which indicates the meaning (left) of a number (right): </br> Eq.(2a) ''Q''<sub>''u''</sub>/''u''<sub>''Q''</sub> = ''N''</br> Eq.(2b) ''N''<sub>''X''</sub>/x = ''N''</br></br>When numbers are given on the axes of figures and in tables, the corresponding labels should be indicated according to Eq.(2), where Eq.(2a) applies to measured quantities, whereas Eq.(2b) relates to the countable quantity, i.e. [[count]] with unit [x]. For example, the axis label for volume-specific oxygen flux may be written as ''J''<sub>''V'',O<sub>2</sub></sub> / [pmol/(sĀ·mL)] and cell-count specific oxygen flow as ''I''<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> / [amol/(sĀ·x)].s ''J''<sub>''V'',O<sub>2</sub></sub> / [pmol/(sĀ·mL)] and cell-count specific oxygen flow as ''I''<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub> / [amol/(sĀ·x)].)
  • Velocity  + ('''Velocity''', '''''v''''' [mĀ·s<sup> ā€¦ '''Velocity''', '''''v''''' [mĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>], is the [[speed]] in a defined spatial direction, and as such velocity is a [[vector]]. Velocity is the [[advancement]] in distance per unit time,</br> '''''v''''' ā‰” d'''''z''''' āˆ™ d''t''<sup>-1</sup> [mĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>] d'''''z''''' āˆ™ d''t''<sup>-1</sup> [mĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>])
  • Viable cells  + ('''Viable cells''' vce are characterized by an intact plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''<sub>ce</sub>) is the sum of viable cells (''N''<sub>vce</sub>) and dead cells (''N''<sub>dce</sub>).)
  • Viton  + ('''Viton'''Ā® is a fluoroelastomer with excellent resistance to aggressive fuels and chemicals. Viton is resistant against oxygen diffusion which makes it an ideal material for high-resolution respirometry (Viton O-rings).)
  • Volume  + ('''Volume''' ''V'' is a derived quantity b ā€¦ '''Volume''' ''V'' is a derived quantity based on the SI base quantity [[length]] [m] and is expressed in terms of [[SI base units]] in the derived unit cubic meter [m<sup>3</sup>]. The liter [L = dm<sup>3</sup>] is a conventional unit of volume for concentration and is used for most solution chemical kinetics. The volume ''V'' contained in a system (experimental chamber) is separated from the environment by the system boundaries; this is called the volume of the system, and described in practical language as big/small (derived from [[length]], [[height]]) or voluminous. Systems are defined at constant volume or constant [[pressure]]. For a pure sample S, the volume ''V''<sub>S</sub> of the pure sample equals the volume ''V'' of the system, ''V''<sub>S</sub> = ''V''. For [[sample]] s in a mixture, the ratio ''V''<sub>s</sub>Ā·''V''<sup>-1</sup> is the nondimensional [[volume fraction]] ''Ī¦''<sub>s</sub> of sample s. Quantities divided by volume are [[concentration]]s of sample s in a mixture, such as [[count]] concentration ''C<sub>X</sub>'' = ''N<sub>X</sub>''Ā·''V''<sup>-1</sup> [xĀ·L<sup>-1</sup>], and amount of substance concentration ''C''<sub>B</sub> = ''n''<sub>B</sub>Ā·''V''<sup>-1</sup> [molĀ·L<sup>-1</sup>]. Mass concentration is [[density]] ''Ļ''<sub>s</sub> = ''m''<sub>s</sub>Ā·''V''<sup>-1</sup> [kgĀ·L<sup>-1</sup>]. In closed compressible systems (with a gas phase), the concentration of the gas increases, when pressure-volume [[work]] is performed on the system.is performed on the system.)
  • Wavelength averaging  + ('''Wavelength averaging''' is the averagin ā€¦ '''Wavelength averaging''' is the averaging of several adjacent data points across the recorded spectrum (spectral [[smoothing]]), to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. For example, if the instrument recorded 5 data points per nm, the average of the 5 points can be taken for each successive nm across the range of the spectrum to give a 5-point smoothing. This method clearly reduces the wavelength [[resolution]].[[resolution]].)
  • Work  + ('''Work''' [J] is a specific form of [[energy]] ā€¦ '''Work''' [J] is a specific form of [[energy]] in the First Law of thermodynamics, and a specific form of [[exergy]] in the Second Law of thermodynamics, performed by a closed or open system on its surroundings (the environment). This is the definition of ''external'' work, which is zero in [[isolated system]]s. The term exergy includes external and internal work. Mechanical work is force [N] times path length [m]. The internal-energy change of a closed system, d''U'', is due to external exchange (e) of work and heat, and external total work (et, including pressure-volume work) is the internal-energy change minus heat,</br> d<sub>et</sub>''W'' = d''U'' - d<sub>e</sub>''Q''b>et</sub>''W'' = d''U'' - d<sub>e</sub>''Q'')
  • Zero calibration  + ('''Zero calibration''' is, together with [[air calibration]] ā€¦ '''Zero calibration''' is, together with [[air calibration]], one of the two steps of the POS calibration. It is performed in the [[closed chamber]] after all the oxygen has been depleted by the addition of [[dithionite]] or by respiration of [[Isolated mitochondria |imt]] or [[Living cells |cells]]. Any incubation medium can be used for zero calibration with dithionite or sample. Unlike air calibration, it is not necessary to perform a zero calibration on each experimental day. After performing a zero calibration, it is recommended not running other experiments on the same day. Even after standard cleaning of the O2k-chambers, there might be residual amounts of reduced dithionite in the chamber, affecting the oxygen flux in subsequent experiments performed on the same day.ent experiments performed on the same day.)
  • DatLab 2  + ('''[[DatLab]] 2''' (DL2) is a MS-DOS programe. DL2 is still used for analysis of [[oxygen kinetics]], after exporting files recorded in recent DatLab versions. A user-friendly O2-kinetics module is in preparation (DL8).)
  • Substrates as electron donors  + ('''[[Substrate]] ā€¦ '''[[Substrate]]s as electron donors''' are reduced fuel compounds ''S''<sub>red</sub> that are oxidized to an oxidized product ''P''<sub>ox</sub> during H<sup>+</sup>-linked electron transfer, ''S''<sub>red</sub> ā†’ ''P''<sub>ox</sub> + 2{H<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>-</sup>}. Mitochondrial respiration depends on a continuous flow of electron-supplying substrates across the mitochondrial membranes into the matrix space. Many substrates are strong anions that cannot permeate lipid membranes and hence require carriers.anes into the matrix space. Many substrates are strong anions that cannot permeate lipid membranes and hence require carriers.)
  • Base quantities and count  + ('''[[Template:Base quantities and count]]''')
  • ArXiv preprint server  + ('''arXiv''' is a classic preprint server i ā€¦ '''arXiv''' is a classic preprint server initiated in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg. {''Quote''} arXiv.org is a highly-automated electronic archive and distribution server for research articles. Covered areas include physics, mathematics, computer science, nonlinear sciences, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics. arXiv is maintained and operated by Cornell University with guidance from the arXiv Scientific Advisory Board and the arXiv Member Advisory Board, and with the help of numerous subject moderators. {''end of Quote''}. arXiv rejects abstracts that are submitted without accompanying paper. are submitted without accompanying paper.)
  • BioRxiv preprint server for biology  + ('''bioRxiv''' (pronounced "bio-archive") i ā€¦ '''bioRxiv''' (pronounced "bio-archive") is a free online archive and distribution service for unpublished preprints in the life sciences. It was launched in 2013 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press in New York, and is operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a not-for-profit research and educational institution. By posting preprints on bioRxiv, authors are able to make their findings immediately available to the scientific community and receive feedback on draft manuscripts before they are submitted to journals. bioRxiv is intended for rapid sharing of new research. Some review articles contain new data/analyses and may therefore be deemed appropriate. Reviews that solely summarize existing knowledge are not appropriate and neither are term papers, book excerpts, and undergraduate dissertations.excerpts, and undergraduate dissertations.)
  • PH calibration buffers  + ('''pH calibration buffers''' are prepared to obtain two or more defined pH values for calibration of pH electrodes and pH indicator dyes.)
  • PH combination electrode 150/6 mm  + ('''pH combination electrode''', 150 mm shaft, 6 mm diameter, incl. connection cable with BNC plug. '''Discontinued''' * Replaced by [[O2k-pH ISE-Module]].)
  • PH combination electrode 70/5 mm  + ('''pH-Combination Electrode\70/5 mm''', 70 mm shaft, 5 mm diameter, for 30251-24 stopper. ''' Discontinued ''' * Replaced by [[O2k-pH ISE-Module]].)
  • PX calibration - DatLab  + ('''pX calibration''')
  • Hydroxybutyrate  + ('''Ī²-hydroxybutyrate''' or 3-hydroxybutyrate is a ketone body that can be used as a [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state|NADH-linked substrate]]. The Ī²-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase produces acetoacetate while reducing NAD<sup>+</sup> to [[NADH]]. <br>)
  • Complex I-linked substrate state  + (''See'' '''[[N-pathway control state]]''' (previous: CI-linked) versus '''[[Complex I]]''')
  • CI control ratio  + (''See'' '''[[N/NS pathway control ratio]]''')
  • Complex I&II-linked substrate state  + (''See'' '''[[NS-pathway control state]]''' (previous: CI<small>&</small>II-linked))
  • Substrate control efficiency  + (''See'' '''[[Pathway control efficiency]]''')
  • Substrate control ratio  + (''See'' '''[[Pathway control ratio]]''')
  • Complex II-linked substrate state  + (''See'' '''[[S-pathway control state]] (previous: CII-linked))
  • CII control ratio  + (''See'' '''[[S/NS pathway control ratio]]''')
  • Group  + (''See'' '''[[population]]'''.)
  • Phosphate  + (''See:'' '''[[Inorganic phosphate]]''')
  • Autoxidation  + (''This definition is insufficient and need ā€¦ ''This definition is insufficient and needs elaboration.''</br></br>Autoxidation is a slow process implying oxidation of carbohydrates through oxygen in open air, leading to a primary formation of peroxides and hydroperoxides. UV radiation can speed up this process.s. UV radiation can speed up this process.)
  • Cellular substrates  + ((1) Cellular substrates ''in vivo'', endogenous; '''Ce'''. (2) Cellular substrates ''in vivo'', with exogenous substrate supply from culture medium or serum; '''Cm'''. * ''This page needs an update.'')
 (-5B-5BFile:1PM-3B2D-3B3G-3B4U-3B5S-3B6Rot-2D.png-7C300px-5D-5D)
  • Natoms O  + (0.5 nmol O<sub>2</sub>; in bioenergetics a variety of expressions is used for units of amount of half a nmol molecular oxygen (natoms oxygen; natoms O; ng.atom O; nmol O), with the identical meaning: 0.5 nmol O<sub>2</sub>.)
  • BAM15  + (2-fluorophenyl){6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino]( ā€¦ 2-fluorophenyl){6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino](1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-e]pyrazin-5-yl)}amine ('''BAM15''') is a protonophore or uncoupler of [[Oxidative phosphorylation|oxidative phosphorylation]] detected in a screen for uncoupling agents exerting less toxicity than commonly used uncouplers and first described by [[Kenwood 2013 Mol Metab|Kennwood et al. 2013]]. In their comparison of BAM15 with FCCP it was shown to increase oxygen flux to a similar extent as the classical uncoupler, to display a much broader range of concentrations inducing maximum respiration, to stimulate no formation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, to leave cellular membrane potential unaffected, and to ultimately exert less cytotoxicity.e potential unaffected, and to ultimately exert less cytotoxicity.)
  • 3-Mercaptopropionic acid  + (3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) inhibits long chain [[acyl-CoA dehydrogenase]]s (ACADs).)
  • Mitochondrial states and rates - terminology beyond MitoEAGLE 2020  + (666 coauthors of the 'MitoEAGLE white paper' [1] collaborated to reach a consensus on terminology related to mitochondrial respiratory states and rates. This page is intended to prepare a questionnaire and follow-up publication.)
  • Mitochondria Interest Group  + (<br/> [[File:MIG.gif|128 px|left]] ā€¦ <br/> </br>[[File:MIG.gif|128 px|left]]</br>The '''Mitochondria Interest Group''' (MIG) is an Inter-Institute Interest Group at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with members worldwide! MIG is concerned with all aspects of the mitochondrion and diseases in which the mitochondrion is involved. We hold monthly meetings, usually on the second Monday of the month (except when it is a Federal holiday or other special exceptions). </br></br>[email protected] is an Email list moderated by Ph.D. Steven Zullo as an interactive information platform, with free subscritpion to this mitochondrial network. List members are reminded of their responsibility to critically evaluate the content of the postings. The information, opinions, data, and statements contained herein are not necessarily those of the U. S. Government, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or MIG and should not be interpreted, acted on or represented as such.be interpreted, acted on or represented as such.)
  • Custom label  + (A '''Custom label''' can be entered in this box to rename the axis label. Two lines are available for the axis name and unit.)
  • Digital Object Identifier  + (A '''Digital Object Identifier''', DOI, is ā€¦ A '''Digital Object Identifier''', DOI, is a persistent identifier used to uniquely identify online publications in order to ensure they remain traceable, searchable and citable over the long term. Compared to other types of persistent identifiers, the DOI system is widespread and well established in the life sciences arena, and it provides widely accepted visible proof that a publication is citable.sible proof that a publication is citable.)
  • Layout for DatLab graphs  + (A '''Layout''' in [[DatLab]] ā€¦ A '''Layout''' in [[DatLab]] selected in the Layout menu yields a standardized display of graphs and [[Plot - DatLab |plots]] displayed with specific [[Scaling - DatLab|scalings]]. The graph layout defines initial settings, which can be modified for plots [Ctrl+F6] and scaling [F6]. A modified layout can be saved as user layout without changing the standard layouts.out without changing the standard layouts.)
  • Lower O2 limit - DatLab  + (A '''Lower O2 limit [ĀµM]''' can be defined ā€¦ A '''Lower O2 limit [ĀµM]''' can be defined for each O2k-chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O<sub>2</sub> concentration drops below this limit. It reminds the user that re-oxygenation of the O2k-chamber may be required. For the lower O<sub>2</sub> concentration limit, the [[critical oxygen pressure |critical oxygen concentration]] should be considered, which differs between isolated mitochondria, large cells, and permeabilized muscle fibers. A higher limit should be chosen when high oxygen flux is expected, e.g. prior to uncoupler titration. A lower limit is acceptable prior to inhibition of respiration causing low oxygen flux.ptable prior to inhibition of respiration causing low oxygen flux.)
  • National Standards Body  + (A '''National Standards Body''' is the national member of the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO).)
  • Notified Body  + (A '''Notified Body''' is an organisation designated by an EU country to assess the conformity of certain products before being placed on the market.)
  • Quality audit  + (A '''Quality Audit''' is the process of systematic examination of a quality system carried out by an internal or external quality auditor or an audit team.)
  • Stand alone application  + (A '''Stand alone application''' is computer software that can work offline, i.e. does not necessarily require network connection to function or does not even provide the possibility to connect to a network.)
  • Upper O2 limit - DatLab  + (A '''Upper O2 limit [ĀµM]''' can be defined for each O2k-chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O<sub>2</sub> concentration rises beyond this limit.)
  • Web application  + (A '''Web application''' is a computer software where the [[user interface]] gets accessed by the user through a web browser.)
  • Canonical ensemble  + (A '''canonical ensemble''' is the group of ā€¦ A '''canonical ensemble''' is the group of compartments enclosed in an isolated system '''H''', with a smaller compartment A<sub>1</sub> in thermal equilibrium with a larger compartment A<sub>2</sub> which is the heat reservoir at temperature ''T''. When A<sub>1</sub> is large in the canonical sense, if its state can be described in terms of macroscopic thermodynamic quantities of ''V'', ''T'', and ''p'' merging with the state described as a probability distribution.T'', and ''p'' merging with the state described as a probability distribution.)
  • Closed system  + (A '''closed system''' is a system with bou ā€¦ A '''closed system''' is a system with boundaries that allow external exchange of energy (heat and work), but do not allow exchange of matter. A limiting case is light and electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of light or electric energy. If the surroundings are maintained at constant temperature, and heat exchange is rapid to prevent the generation of thermal gradients, then the closed system is isothermal. A frequently considered case are closed isothermal systems at constant pressure (and constant volume with aqueous solutions). Changes of closed systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Closed systems may be homogenous (well mixed and isothermal), continuous with gradients, or [[Discontinuous system|discontinuous]] with compartments (heterogenous).[[Discontinuous system|discontinuous]] with compartments (heterogenous).)
  • Coenzyme  + (A '''coenzyme''' or cosubstrate is a [[cofactor]] ā€¦ A '''coenzyme''' or cosubstrate is a [[cofactor]] that is attached loosely and transiently to an enzyme, in contrast to a [[prosthetic group]] that is attached permanently and tightly. The coenzyme is required by the corresponding enzyme for its activity (IUPAC definition). A coenzyme is 'a low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons' (IUPAC definition).l groups or electrons' (IUPAC definition).)
  • Cofactor  + (A '''cofactor''' is 'an organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely ([[coenzyme]]) or tightly ([[prosthetic group]])' (IUPAC definition).)
  • Coupling-control protocol  + (A '''coupling-control protocol CCP''' indu ā€¦ A '''coupling-control protocol CCP''' induces different [[coupling control state]]s at a constant [[electron-transfer-pathway state]]. [[Residual oxygen consumption]] (''Rox'') is finally evaluated for ''Rox'' correction of flux. The CCP may be extended, when further respiratory states (e.g. cell viability test; CIV assay) are added to the coupling control module consisting of three coupling control states. The term '''phosphorylation control protocol''', PCP, has been introduced synonymous for CCP.</br>Ā» [[Coupling_control_protocol#From_PCP_to_CCP |'''MiPNet article''']][Coupling_control_protocol#From_PCP_to_CCP |'''MiPNet article''']])
  • Dataset  + (A '''dataset''' is a collection of data. In the context of databases a dataset represents the collection of entries in a database-table. In this table columns represent [[Attribute|attributes]] and rows display the according values of the entries.)
  • Decimal marker and spaces between groups of numerals  + (A '''decimal marker''' is used to separate ā€¦ A '''decimal marker''' is used to separate the integral part of numbers from the decimal part. The SI recommends: "the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line". In English language versions, the dot (point on the line) should be used uniquely as the decimal marker. To avoid ambiguities, BEC follows the SI recommendation that ā€œNumbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groupsā€ (pages 183-184).he spaces between groupsā€ (pages 183-184).)
  • Detector  + (A '''detector''' is a device that converts ā€¦ A '''detector''' is a device that converts the light falling upon it into a current or voltage that is proportional to the light intensity. The most common devices in current use for [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]] are [[photodiodes]] and [[photodiode arrays]].[[photodiode arrays]].)
  • Difference spectrum  + (A '''difference spectrum''' is an [[absorbance spectrum]] ā€¦ A '''difference spectrum''' is an [[absorbance spectrum]] obtained by subtracting that of one substance from that of another. For example, a '''difference spectrum''' may be plotted of the [[absorbance spectrum]] obtain ed from reduced [[cytochrome c]] and subtracting the [[absorbance spectrum]] from the same concentration of [[cytochrome c]] in its oxidised state. The [[difference spectrum]] may be used to quantify the amount to which the [[cytochrome c]] is reduced. This can be achieved with the aid of a [[reference spectrum]] (or spectra) and the [[least squares method]].[[least squares method]].)
  • Directive  + (A '''directive''' is a legal act of the European Union, which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result.)
  • Dispersion devices  + (A '''dispersion device''' diffracts light ā€¦ A '''dispersion device''' diffracts light at different angles according to its wavelength. Traditionally, prisms and [[diffraction gratings]] are used, the latter now being the most commonly used device in a [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]].[[spectrophotometer]].)
  • Fluorophore  + (A '''fluorophore''' is a fluorescent subst ā€¦ A '''fluorophore''' is a fluorescent substance that may occur naturally ([[intrinsic fluorophores]]) or that may be added to a sample or preparation whereby the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of a specific species or parameter within the sample. These are [[extrinsic fluorophores]], also referred to as fluorescent markers., also referred to as fluorescent markers.)
  • Free radicals  + (A '''free radical''' is any atom or molecu ā€¦ A '''free radical''' is any atom or molecule that contains one or more unpaired electrons in an orbital. The degree of chemical reactivity depends on the localization of unpaired electrons. Free radicals are extremely reactive, and they can either donate or accept an electron from other molecules. Free radicals that include oxygen radicals and derivatives of oxygen are [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS). Likewise, [[reactive nitrogen species]] (RNS) are nitric oxide-derived compounds. ROS/RNS include oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radicals that are easily converted into radicals. Mitochondria are a main endogenous source of free radicals in cells and consequently are exposed to oxidative-nitrosative damage. Electron transfer in the electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) is not perfect, leading an electron leakage. This electron leakage permits the formation of ROS such as [[superoxide]] anion (O2ā€¢āˆ’), [[hydrogen peroxide]] (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and the hydroxyl radical (HOā€¢)./sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and the hydroxyl radical (HOā€¢).)
  • Harmonized standard  + (A '''harmonized standard''' is a European [[standard]] developed by a recognized European Standards Organisation: CEN, CENELEC, or ETSI.)
  • Healthy reference population  + (A '''healthy reference population''', HRP, ā€¦ A '''healthy reference population''', HRP, establishes the baseline for the relation between body mass and height in healthy people of zero underweight or overweight, providing a reference for evaluation of deviations towards underweight or overweight and obesity. The WHO Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) on height and body mass refer to healthy girls and boys from Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. The Committee on Biological Handbooks compiled data on height and body mass of healthy males from infancy to old age (USA), published before emergence of the fast-food and soft-drink epidemic. Four allometric phases are distinguished with distinct allometric exponents. At heights above 1.26 m/x the allometric exponent is 2.9, equal in women and men, and significantly different from the exponent of 2.0 implicated in the body mass index, BMI [kg/m<sup>2</sup>].e body mass index, BMI [kg/m<sup>2</sup>].)
  • High signal at zero oxygen  + (A '''high signal at zero oxygen''' may be ā€¦ A '''high signal at zero oxygen''' may be observed during [[zero calibration]] (R0). First, check the quality of the [[dithionite]] solution. The following instructions show how to distinguish between a defective sensor head and an electrical leak current.ensor head and an electrical leak current.)
  • Light-emitting diode  + (A '''light-emitting diode''' (LED) is a li ā€¦ A '''light-emitting diode''' (LED) is a light source (semiconductor), used in many every-day applications and specifically in [[fluorometry]]. LEDs are available for specific spectral ranges across wavelengths in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Colors_and_materials visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range].visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range].)
  • Measurement process  + (A '''measurement process''' or a '''measurement''' is a set of operations to determine the value of a [[quantity]].)
  • Measuring equipment  + (A '''measuring equipment''' is a measuring instrument, software, measurement standard, reference material or auxiliary apparatus, or a combination thereof, necessary to realize a measurement process.)
  • Medical device  + (A '''medical device''' is an instrument, a ā€¦ A '''medical device''' is an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is (1) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or (2) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes.t of any of its primary intended purposes.)
  • Metabolic control variable  + (A '''metabolic control variable''' ''X'' c ā€¦ A '''metabolic control variable''' ''X'' causes the transition between a [[background state]] Y (background rate ''Y<sub>X</sub>'') and a [[reference state]] Z (reference rate ''Z<sub>X</sub>''). ''X'' may be a stimulator or activator of flux, inducing the step change from background to reference steady state (Y to Z). Alternatively, ''X'' may be an inhibitor of flux, absent in the reference state but present in the background state (step change from Z to Y).ate but present in the background state (step change from Z to Y).)
  • Model  + (A '''model''' regarding databases is the representation of a real world object in a computer understandable language. A '''model''' can be defined by the structure of its [[dataset]] and the relations to other '''models'''.)
  • Norm  + (A '''norm''' is a rule that is enforced by members of a community.)
  • Number  + (A '''number''' ''N'' (or ''n'') is a [[count]] ā€¦ A '''number''' ''N'' (or ''n'') is a [[count]] ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> [x] divided by the [[elementary entity]] ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> [x]. ''X'' must represent the same entity in both occurences. The elementary unit [x] cancels in the division by simplification, such that numbers (for example, numbers 8 or 24) are abstracted from the counted entity ''X''. The concept of number is tightly entangled with units, counts and entities.pt of number is tightly entangled with units, counts and entities.)
  • Numeral  + (A '''numeral''' is the symbol representing ā€¦ A '''numeral''' is the symbol representing a specific [[number]]. A numeral is the figure of a number, with different notation types used as a figure (VIII and 8 for Roman and Arabic numerals; 八 and ꍌ for practical and financial Chinese). A numeral may consist of one or more characters or digits. 60 and 60.00 are different numerals consisting of two and four digits, respectively, which represent the same number sixty. Sixty is the name of the number 60, with the meaning 'number 60'. ''N'' is not a numeral but a symbol representing the entity 'number'. The equation ''N''=60 assignes the numerical value 60 to the entity 'number'. The numeral 60 is a symbol for a pure number that equals 6 times 10 (or 2 times 30; or 1 times 60).6 times 10 (or 2 times 30; or 1 times 60).)
  • Plot - DatLab  + (A '''plot''' in DatLab represents a specific [[O2k signals and output|channel]] in the graph. To change the [[Layout for DatLab graphs]] go to [Graph]/'''[[Select plots - DatLab |Select plots]]''' to open the '''Graph layout''' window.)
  • Polarization voltage  + (A '''polarization voltage''' of 600 mV to ā€¦ A '''polarization voltage''' of 600 mV to 800 mV is applied between anode and cathode of the [[polarographic oxygen sensor]], resulting in a current when oxygen is consumed. The current is converted by the electronics to a voltage (raw signal) which must not be confused with the polarization voltage.be confused with the polarization voltage.)
  • Population  + (A '''population''' (or '''group''') defines the [[sample type]] of an [[experiment]], before sample preparation. The population (or group) size represents the upper limit of the [[sample size]], ''N''.)
  • Preprint  + (A '''preprint''' is {''Quote''} a way in w ā€¦ A '''preprint''' is {''Quote''} a way in which a manuscript containing scientific results can be rapidly communicated from one scientist, or a group of scientists, to the entire scientific community {''end of Quote''}. Preprints are disseminated without peer review, e.g. in the preprint server [[MitoFit Preprints]]. In contrast, the journal [[Bioenergetics Communications]] publishes peer-reviewed articles, which preferentially are communicated in advance in MitoFit Preprints.municated in advance in MitoFit Preprints.)
  • Product  + (A '''product''' in a chemical reaction has a positive [[stoichiometric number]] since it is produced, whereas a [[substrate]] has a negative stoichiometric number since it is consumed.)
  • Prosthetic group  + (A '''prosthetic group''' is a [[cofactor]] ā€¦ A '''prosthetic group''' is a [[cofactor]] that is attached permanently and tightly or even covalently to an enzyme and that is regenerated in each enzymatic turnover. Thus a prostethic group is distinguished from a [[coenzyme]] or cosubstrate that is attached loosely and transiently. Like a coenzyme, the prosthetic group is required by an enzyme for its activity. A prosthetic group is 'a tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity' (IUPAC definition).</br></br>FMN/FMNH<sub>2</sub> and FAD/FADH<sub>2</sub> are prosthetic groups of [[Complex I]] and [[Complex II]], respectively.[[Complex II]], respectively.)
  • Quantity  + (A '''quantity''' is the attribute of a phe ā€¦ A '''quantity''' is the attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined quantitatively. A [[dimension |dimensional]] quantity is a number (variable, parameter, or constant) connected to its dimension, which is different from 1. {''Quote''} The value of a quantity is generally expressed as the product of a number and a unit. The unit is simply a particular example of the quantity concerned which is used as a reference, and the number is the ratio of the value of the quantity to the unit. {''end of Quote'': Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI), p. 127)}.ernational System of Units (SI), p. 127)}.)
  • Reference spectrum  + (A '''reference spectrum''' for a substance is an [[absorbance spectrum]] of the same substance at a known concentration and [[redox state]].)
  • Requirement  + (A '''requirement''' is a singular documented physical or functional need that a particular design, product or process must be able to perform.)
  • Sample  + (A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken ā€¦ A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken from an ensemble that is studied. A sample is either stored for later quantification or prepared and possibly separated into subsamples, which are enclosed in a system for qualitative or quantitative investigation. A pure sample S is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary [[entity]]-type. A pure biological sample is a cell type, tissue, or organism without its solid, liquid or gaseous environment. Then the system used to investigate sample S contains only entities of entity-type S, and the [[volume]] ''V''<sub>S</sub> [L] and [[mass]] ''m''<sub>S</sub> [kg] of the pure (sub)sample S are identical to the volume ''V'' and mass ''m'' of the experimental [[system]]. A pure sample S may be mixed with other components to be investigated as a solution, mixture, or suspension, indicated by the symbol s in contrast to the pure sample S. A sample s is obtained in combination with other components, such that the [[volume]] ''V''<sub>s</sub> [L] and [[mass]] ''m''<sub>s</sub> [kg] of the sample s are larger than the volume ''V''<sub>S</sub> and mass ''m''<sub>S</sub> of the pure sample S. For example, the number of cells ''N''<sub>ce</sub> [Mx] can be counted in a sample s of a cell suspension, whereas the mass ''m''<sub>ce</sub> [mg] of cells requires a pure sample S of cells to be measured on a mass-balance. Clarity of statistical representation is improved, if the symbol ''N'' is used for the number of [[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.[[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.)
  • Scalar  + (A '''scalar''' is a pysicochemical quantit ā€¦ A '''scalar''' is a pysicochemical quantity that is fully described by its magnitude. A potential difference, differences of concentration or pressure are scalars, whereas a potential gradient is a [[vector]]. Similarly, the [[protonmotive force]] and metabolic oxygen [[flux]] are scalars, whereas the fundamental [[force]]s of physics and [[velocity]] are vectors.[[velocity]] are vectors.)
  • Solutions  + (A '''solution''' is {''Quote''}: A liquid ā€¦ A '''solution''' is {''Quote''}: A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes. When, as is often but not necessarily the case, the sum of the mole fractions of solutes is small compared with unity, the solution is called a dilute solution. A superscript attached to the āˆž symbol for a property of a solution denotes the property in the limit of infinite dilution {''end of Quote'': [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05746.html IUPAC Gold Book]}.</br>[[Solutions#Stock-.2C_storage-_and_working-solutions:_How_do_they_differ.3F |Ā» '''MiPNet article''']]Solutions#Stock-.2C_storage-_and_working-solutions:_How_do_they_differ.3F |Ā» '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Spectrofluorometer  + (A '''spectrofluorometer''' makes use of a ā€¦ A '''spectrofluorometer''' makes use of a [[spectrometer]] to measure and analyse the fluorescent emission spectra from a [[fluorophore]]. It will typically differ from an [[absorbance]] [[spectrophotometer]] in that it will have a larger [[slit width]] (to increase [[sensitivity]]) and use a longer [[integration time]]. The configuration of the illuminating and receiving optics also differ from [[spectrophotometry]] in that the excitation source is directed perpendicularly to the position of the emission [[detector]] so that the intensity of the excitation signal reaching the [[detector]] is minimised.[[detector]] is minimised.)
  • Spectrophotometer  + (A '''spectrophotometer''' is an instrument ā€¦ A '''spectrophotometer''' is an instrument that consists of an entrance slit, a dispersion device (see [[dispersion devices]] and a [[detector]] for the purpose of measuring the intensity of light emerging from a sample across a given wavelength range. A [[light source]] is also necessary in order for the instrument to function, and this may be located within the instrument or from an external source using [[lightguides]] or other [[optics]].[[optics]].)
  • Standard  + (A '''standard''' is an established [[norm]] or [[requirement]] in regard to a defined system. It can consist of a formal document that establishes uniform criteria, methods, processes and practices.See also [[Harmonized standard]].)
  • Stirrer test  + (A '''stirrer test''' is performed in the [[Oroboros O2k]] ā€¦ A '''stirrer test''' is performed in the [[Oroboros O2k]] for quick evaluation of the performance of the [[OroboPOS]] and for [[POS calibration - dynamic|dynamic calibration]]. Stirring is stopped in both chambers and restarted after a selected period. The default period is 30 s, for experiments at 37 Ā°C. At lower experimental temperature, this period should be prolonged (60 s at 25 Ā°C). In the [[O2k-Open Support#O2k_Quality_Control |SOP (O2k Quality Control)]] for the [[O2k-Open_Support#1._O2_sensor_test|O<sub>2</sub> sensor test]], the stirrer test is performed in the 'open' chamber in conjunction with [[Air calibration]]. In general, the stirrer test can be performed equally with an open or closed chamber. Upon automatic re-start of the stirrer (On), the increase of the oxygen signal should be rapid and monoexponential.the oxygen signal should be rapid and monoexponential.)
  • Three-electrode system  + (A '''three-electrode system''' is the setu ā€¦ A '''three-electrode system''' is the setup used in the [[Q-Sensor]], which is an integral part of the [[Q-Module]]. This system is used in voltammetry (including [[cyclic voltammetry]]) to study the current as a function of the applied potential using three different electrodes: 1) the working electrode 2) the reference electrode, and 3) the counter electrode. In the [[Q-Sensor]], the working or detecting electrode is a glassy carbon (GC) electrode that is set to a given potential and makes contact with the analyte. The potential of the working electrode is controlled by the constant potential of the a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode, which does not pass any current. The applied potential on the surface of the GC should be sufficient to either oxidize reduced analyte (in this case [[Coenzyme Q]]) or to reduce oxidized analyte. Thus, the counter electrode is a platinum electrode (Pt) that passes a current to counter these redox events by completing the circuit that is rate-limited by electron transfer on the GC. To determine the reduced Q fraction the GC electrode is set at the oxidation peak potential, which can be determined with [[cyclic voltammetry]].[[cyclic voltammetry]].)
  • Tissue homogenate  + (A '''tissue homogenate''' (thom) is obtained through mechanical micro-disruption of fresh tissue and the cell membranes are mechanically permeabilized.)
  • User code - DatLab  + (A '''user''' code or name is entered upon starting [[DatLab]]. This window pops up automatically after opening DatLab. Usernames are connected with personal [[Layout for DatLab graphs |graph layouts]].)
  • Vector  + (A '''vector''' is a pysicochemical quantit ā€¦ A '''vector''' is a pysicochemical quantity with magnitude and spatial direction of a [[gradient]]. Symbols for vectors are written in bold face. For example, [[velocity]], '''''v''''', and the fundamental [[force]]s of physics, '''''F''''', are vectors. An infinitesimal area is a vector, d'''''A''''', perpendicular to the plane. d'''''A''''', perpendicular to the plane.)
  • Working measurement standard  + (A '''working measurement standard''' is a standard that is used routinely to calibrate or check material measures, measuring instruments or reference materials [SOURCE: VIM:1993, 6.7].)
  • In vitro diagnostic medical device  + (A [[medical device]] ā€¦ A [[medical device]] is an '''in vitro diagnostic medical device (IVD)''' if it is a reagent, calibrator, control material, kit, specimen receptacle, software, instrument, apparatus, equipment or system, whether used alone or in combination with other diagnostic goods for in vitro use.h other diagnostic goods for in vitro use.)
  • Steady state  + (A [[system]] ā€¦ A [[system]] is in a '''steady state''' if the state variables of a dynamic system do not change over time due to exchange processes with the environment, which compensate for internal dissipative transformations ā€” such as chemical reactions or diffusion ā€” and thus prevent any changes of the system and externalize dissipative changes to the environment. The dynamic nature of the steady state differentiates it from the thermodynamic equilibrium state. {''Quote''} Steady states can be obtained only in [[open system]]s, in which changes by internal transformations, ''e.g.'', O<sub>2</sub> consumption, are instantaneously compensated for by external fluxes across the system boundary, ''e.g.'', O<sub>2</sub> supply, thus preventing a change of O<sub>2</sub> concentration in the system (Gnaiger 1993). Mitochondrial [[respiratory states]] monitored in [[closed system]]s satisfy the criteria of pseudo-steady states for limited periods of time, when changes in the system ([[concentration]]s of O<sub>2</sub>, fuel substrates, ADP, P<sub>i</sub>, H<sup>+</sup>) do not exert significant effects on metabolic fluxes (respiration, phosphorylation). Such pseudo-steady states require respiratory media with sufficient buffering capacity and substrates maintained at kinetically-saturating concentrations, and thus depend on the kinetics of the processes under investigation. {''end of Quote'': [[BEC 2020.1]]}. Whereas fluxes may change at a steady state over time, concentrations are maintained constant. The 'respiratory steady state' (Chance and Williams 1955) is characterized by constant fluxes (O<sub>2</sub> flux, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> flux) and measured variables of state (cytochrome redox states, Q redox state, NADH redox state, mitochondrial membrane potential). [[High-resolution respirometry]] allows for the measurement of several parameters (''e.g.'' O<sub>2</sub> flux, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> flux, mitochondrial membrane potential) at pseudo-steady states, when changes of [[concentration]]s in the [[closed system]] do not exert any control on fluxes. Combination with the [[TIP2k-Module| Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k)]] allows operation with programmable titration regimes at steady-state ADP concentration (Gnaiger 2001), oxygen concentration (oxystat mode; Gnaiger et al 2000, Harrison et al 2015) or steady-state pH (pH-stat more), yielding an expanded flexibility in experimental design by combining the technical advantages of closed and [[open system]]s approaches.en system]]s approaches.)
  • Uninterrupted power supply  + (A back-up power supply may be required to secure '''uninterrupted power supply'''.)
  • Graph control - DatLab  + (A combination of mouse and keyboard commands provides convenient control of graphs in DatLab 8.)
  • SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates  + (A comprehensive library of SUIT protocols ā€¦ A comprehensive library of SUIT protocols including DatLab example traces, instructions, brief explanatory texts, links to relevant pages, representative diagrams and templates for data evaluation can be browsed from inside DatLab 7.4. Click on menu [Protocols]\SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates to open a folder with all the [[MitoPedia: SUIT|SUIT protocols]] provided with the DatLab 7.4. [[Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit| DL-Protocols]] (DLP) for different [[MitoPedia: Sample preparations|sample preparations]] can be chosen to assess multiple sequences of respiratory [[Coupling control state|coupling control ]] and [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway ]] states. DL-Protocols posses unique D## codes and comprise a fixed sequence of events and marks which cannot be changed by the user. However, the users can edit titration volumes and concentrations in the Overview window of a DL-protocol, save the overview, and export the file as a [[Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)|user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File / Export / A or B: Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)]. In DatLab 7.4, fixed sequence of events and marks can be changed (Skip/Added) in a SUIT protocol by the user. Moreover, editions of text, instructions, concentrations and titration volumes of injections in a specific DL-Protocol can be edited and saved as [[Export DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU)|user-specific DL-Protocol]] [File]\Export\DL-Protocol User (*.DLPU). For more information, see: [[Enable DL-Protocol editing]].[[Enable DL-Protocol editing]].)
  • Inside the O2k  + (A glance '''inside the [[Oroboros O2k]]''')
  • TPP+ inhibitory effect  + (A major task in establishing a procedure f ā€¦ A major task in establishing a procedure for measurement of [[mitochondrial membrane potential]] using probe molecules is the evaluation of inhibitory concentrations of the probe molecule on the activity of respiration. The '''TPP<sup>+</sup> inhibitory effect''' (this also applies to TPMP<sup>+</sup> and other indicator molecules) is frequently ignored. Accurate knowledge of a threshold concentration is required to evaluate the necessary limit of detection of TPP<sup>+</sup>, and for restriction of experimental TPP<sup>+</sup> concentrations below the inhibitory range.ion of experimental TPP<sup>+</sup> concentrations below the inhibitory range.)
  • Experiment  + (A number of replica, ''N'', of '''experime ā€¦ A number of replica, ''N'', of '''experiment'''s on one [[sample type]] is designed to obtain statistical information about the involved [[population]](s) and to test hypotheses about a population and about differences between populations, when experiments are carried out on different sample types. An experiment may involve various [[assay]]s, ''e.g.'', a respirometric assay and an assay for protein determination.ay and an assay for protein determination.)
  • Project  + (A scientific project is a collection of [[experiment| experiments]] ā€¦ A scientific project is a collection of [[experiment| experiments]] designed to proof or disproof a specific hypothesis. The [[experiment| experiments]] will follow the logic of the scientific discovery [1] on which a hypothesis will support a prediction and this will be tested by experimental [[assay| assays]] (''i.e.'', observations under controlled conditions). The result of these experiments will proof or disproof the specific hypothesis and, usually, provide new hypotheses to test. A scientific project must be carefully designed to obtain relevant statistical information through enough [[replica| data collection]].[1] Popper K (2002) The logic of scientific discover. Routledge Classics. ISBN: 978-0-415-27843-0outledge Classics. ISBN: 978-0-415-27843-0)
  • User - DatLab  + (A user name is)
  • Light source  + (A variety of '''light sources''' are avail ā€¦ A variety of '''light sources''' are available for [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]]. These include deuterium, mercury and xenon arc lamps and quartz halogen bulbs dependent upon the wavelengths required. However, the advent of [[light emitting diode]]s has greatly increased the possibilities for the application of [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]] to areas that were previously not practicable, and at a much reduced cost.t practicable, and at a much reduced cost.)
  • Elasticity  + (According to David Fell, "Elasticities are ā€¦ According to David Fell, "Elasticities are properties of individual enzymes and not the metabolic system. The elasticity of an enzyme to a metabolite is related to the slope of the curve of the enzyme's rate plotted against metabolite concentration, taken at the metabolite concentrations found in the pathway in the metabolic state of interest. It can be obtained directly as the slope of the logarithm of the rate plotted against the logarithm of the metabolic concentration. The elasticity will change at each point of the curve (s,v) and must be calculated for the specific concentration of the metabolite (s) that will give a specific rate (r) of the enzyme activity" (See Figure).</br></br></br>[[File:Elasticity_Measurement.jpg]][[File:Elasticity_Measurement.jpg]])
  • O2k control  + (After selection of an O2k setup in the '''O2k control''' [F7] window, followed by a left-click '''Send to O2k''', only the following control functions are routinely required during experimental operations.)
  • Amperometric,Amp  + (After selection of the Amperometric, Amp c ā€¦ After selection of the Amperometric, Amp channel in the '''[[O2k configuration]]''', an Amperometric, Amp tab will appear in the '''O2k control''' [F7] window. Set the desired light intensity (0-1600) in the field Ā“Fluo intensityĀ“ and the desired amplification of the signal (1-1000) in the field Ā“Gain for Fluo sensorĀ“in the Amperometric, Amp window followed by a left-click '''Send to O2k'''. Switching off the [[Illumination on/off|illumination]] before each fluorometric measurement is routinely required.ometric measurement is routinely required.)
  • Connection window  + (After starting [[DatLab]] either the '''Connection window''' opens automatically by default or open [[O2k control]] by pressing [F7] and select the communication port.)
  • Absorbance  + (Also known as attenuation or extinction, ' ā€¦ Also known as attenuation or extinction, '''absorbance''' (''A'') is a measure of the difference between the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''<sub>0</sub>) and the intensity of light emerging from a sample (''I''). It is defined as:</br></br>''A'' = log (''I''<sub>0</sub>/''I'') is defined as: ''A'' = log (''I''<sub>0</sub>/''I''))
  • Intrinsic fluorophores  + (An '''Intrinsic flourophore''' is a naturally occurring [[fluorophore]] of which [[NADH]], aromatic amino acids and flavins are examples.)
  • Absorption spectrum  + (An '''absorption spectrum''' is similar to an [[absorbance spectrum]] of a sample, but plotted as a function of [[absorption]] against wavelength.)
  • Entity  + (An '''entity''' of type ''X'' is something ā€¦ An '''entity''' of type ''X'' is something that can measured as an [[extensive quantity]] or counted as an [[elementary entity]]. The term entity with symbol ''X'', therefore, has a general meaning, including but not limited to elementary entities ''U''<sub>''X''</sub>. The distinction can be emphasized by using the term entity-type ''X'', to avoid confusion of an entity ''X'' with the more restricted definition of elementary entity ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> as a ''single'' countable object or event.ub>''X''</sub> as a ''single'' countable object or event.)
  • Events - DatLab  + (An '''event''' in [[DatLab]] ā€¦ An '''event''' in [[DatLab]] is a defined point in time, labelled by a name (1 to 10 characters). An event applies to all plots of the selected O2k-Chamber. The event is shown by a vertical line in the graph and the label of the event is shown on the top (DatLab 6 and lower: on the bottom). The default name is the sequential number of the event. It is recommended to edit event labels with a minimum number of characters, and to explain the abbreviation in the 'Definition' box. The final concentration and titration volume can be entered into the corresponding boxes, if the event relates to the titration of a substance. A short comment can be entered to describe the event in detail. </br>'''Set events''' - Manual events are entered (real-time, connected to the O2k) by pressing [F4] at the time of the event (e.g. to indicate a manual titration into the chamber). An event belongs either to chamber A, chamber B, or both. Instrumental events are added automatically, e.g. when the stirrer (A or B) or illumination (both chambers) is switched on or off.</br>After setting a new event the Edit event window pops up. Pressing F4 defines the time point of the event. Full attention can then be paid to the experiment. Edit the event later, as it is possible to insert an event at any chosen moment of the plotted record of the experiment by placing the cursor anywhere in the graph at the selected time point by pressing Ctrl and clicking the left mouse button.</br>'''Edit event''' - Left click on the name of an existing event to open the Edit event window to edit or Delete event.</br>In events obtained from a selected [[DL-Protocols |protocol]], the entire sequence of consecutive events is defined with event names, definitions, concentrations and titration volumes.</br>'''Name''' - Enter an event name of 1 to 10 characters. Short names (e.g. O instead of Open) are recommended.</br>''' Comment''' - Further information can be entered into the text field.</br>Select O2k-chamber A, B or both. The Event will be shown on plots for both or one selected chamber.</br>Ā»[[DL-Protocols#DL-Protocol_principles|Protocol events]][DL-Protocols#DL-Protocol_principles|Protocol events]])
  • Examination  + (An '''examination''' is a set of operations having the object of determining the value or characteristics of a property. In some disciplines (e.g. microbiology) an examination is the total activity of a number of tests, observations or measurements.)
  • Experimental code  + (An '''experimental code''' can be entered in the [[Sample - DatLab|Sample]] window, containing up to 10 digits.)
  • Interlaboratory comparison  + (An '''interlaboratory comparison''' is the organization, performance and evaluation of measurements or tests on the same or similar items by two or more laboratories in accordance with predetermined conditions.)
  • Journal issue  + (An '''issue''' of a journal or periodical is a number, which typically indicates how many times a [[Journal volume |volume]] of the journal has been published in sequence.)
  • Open system  + (An '''open system''' is a system with boun ā€¦ An '''open system''' is a system with boundaries that allow external exchange of energy and matter; the surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundaries ([[external flow]]s, ''I''<sub>ext</sub>).[[external flow]]s, ''I''<sub>ext</sub>).)
  • Outlier  + (An '''outlier''' is a member of a set of v ā€¦ An '''outlier''' is a member of a set of values which is inconsistent with other members of that set. An outlier can arise by chance from the expected population, originate from a different population, or be the result of an incorrect recording or other blunder. Many schemes use the term outlier to designate a result that generates an action signal. This is not the intended use of the term. While outliers will usually generate action signals, it is possible to have action signals from results that are not outliers [SOURCE: ISO 5725ā€‘1:1994, modified].liers [SOURCE: ISO 5725ā€‘1:1994, modified].)
  • Outlier-skewness index  + (An '''outlier-skewness index''' ''OSI'' is ā€¦ An '''outlier-skewness index''' ''OSI'' is defined for evaluation of the distribution of data sets with outliers including separate clusters or skewness in relation to a normal distribution with equivalence of the average and median. The ''OSI'' is derived from [http://www.statisticshowto.com/pearsons-coefficient-of-skewness/ Pearsonā€™s coefficient of skewness] 2:</br></br>: Pearson 2 coefficient = 3 Ā· (average-median)/SD</br></br>The outlier-skewness index ''OSI'' introduces the absolute value of the arithmetic mean, ''m'' = ABS(average + median)/2, for normalization:</br></br>: ''OSI'' = (average-median)/(''m'' + SD) </br></br>: ''OSI'' = (average-median)/[ABS(average+median)/2 + SD]</br></br>At the limit of a zero value of ''m'', the ''OSI'' equals the Pearson 2 coefficient (without the multiplication factor of 3). At high ''m'' with small standard deviation (SD), the ''OSI'' is effectively the difference between the average and the median normalized for ''m'', (average-median)/''m''.malized for ''m'', (average-median)/''m''.)
  • Uncoupler  + (An '''uncoupler''' is a protonophore ([[CCCP]] ā€¦ An '''uncoupler''' is a protonophore ([[CCCP]], [[FCCP]], [[DNP]], [[SF6847]]) which cycles across the inner mt-membrane with transport of protons and dissipation of the electrochemical proton gradient. Mild uncoupling may be induced at low uncoupler concentrations, the noncoupled state of [[ET capacity]] is obtained at optimum uncoupler concentration for maximum flux, whereas at higher concentrations an uncoupler-induced inhibition is observed. uncoupler-induced inhibition is observed.)
  • Endothermic  + (An [[energy]] ā€¦ An [[energy]] transformation is '''endothermic''' if the [[enthalpy]] change of a closed system is positive when the process takes place in the forward direction and heat is absorbed from the environment under isothermal conditions (āˆ†<sub>e</sub>''Q'' > 0) without performance of work (āˆ†<sub>e</sub>''W'' = 0). The same energy transformation is [[exothermic]] if it proceeds in the backward direction. Exothermic and endothermic transformations can proceed spontaneously without coupling only, if they are [[exergonic]].ergonic]].)
  • Exothermic  + (An [[energy]] ā€¦ An [[energy]] transformation is '''exothermic''' if the [[enthalpy]] change of a closed system is negative when the process takes place in the forward direction and heat is lost to the environment under isothermal conditions (āˆ†<sub>e</sub>''Q'' < 0) without performance of work (āˆ†<sub>e</sub>''W'' = 0). The same energy transformation is [[endothermic]] if it proceeds in the backward direction. Exothermic and endothermic transformations can proceed spontaneously without coupling only, if they are [[exergonic]].ergonic]].)
  • Assay  + (An experimental '''assay''' is a method to ā€¦ An experimental '''assay''' is a method to obtain a measurement with a defined instrument on a [[sample]] or [[subsample]]. Multiple assay types may be applied on the same sample or subsample, if the measurement does not destroy it. For instance, the wet weight of a permeabilized muscle fibre preparation can be determined based on a specific laboratory protocol (gravimetric assay), maintaining the functional integrity of the sample, which then can be used in a respirometric assay, followed by a spectrophotometric assay for measurement of protein content. The experimental design determines which types of assays have to be applied for a complete experiment. Destructive assays, such as determination of protein content or dry weight, can be applied on a sample only after performing a respirometric assay, or on a separate subsample. The experimental variability is typically dominated by the assay with the lowest [[resolution]] or signal to noise ratio. The signal to noise ratio may be increased by increasing the number, ''n'', of [[repetitions]] of measurements on subsamples. Evaluation of procedural variation ('experimental noise') due to instrumental resolution and handling requires subsampling from homogenous samples.uires subsampling from homogenous samples.)
  • Sample type  + (An experimental '''sample type''' is the object of an [[experiment]]. A sample type is defined by the specifications of the [[population]] and by a specific sample preparation (see [[MitoPedia: Sample preparations]]).)
  • Science - the concept  + (As per the 2017 UNESCO Recommendation on S ā€¦ As per the 2017 UNESCO Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers, the term ā€˜scienceā€™ signifies the enterprise whereby humankind, acting individually or in small or large groups, makes an organized attempt, in cooperation and in competition, by means of the objective study of observed phenomena and its validation through sharing of findings and data and through peer review, to discover and master the chain of causalities, relations or interactions; brings together in a coordinated form subsystems of knowledge by means of systematic reflection and conceptualization; and thereby furnishes itself with the opportunity of using, to its own advantage, understanding of the processes and phenomena occurring in nature and society.phenomena occurring in nature and society.)
  • Conflict of interest  + (As stated on the [https://www.bioenergetic ā€¦ As stated on the [https://www.bioenergetics-communications.org/index.php/bec/BECPolicies#Journal_policies_on_conflicts_of_interest_.2F_competing_interests Bioenergetics Communications' policy], a '''conflict of interest''' may be of non-financial or financial nature. Examples of conflicts of interest include (but are not limited to):</br>:::* Individuals receiving funding, salary or other forms of payment from an organization, or holding stocks or shares from a company, whose financial situation might be influenced by the publication of the findings;</br>:::* Individuals, their funding organization or employer holding (or applying for) related patents;</br>:::* Official affiliations and memberships with interest groups relating to the content of the publication;</br>:::* Political, religious, or ideological competing interests.</br>For authors, any conflict of interest is declared at the time of submission and included in the published manuscript. For editors and reviewers, conflicts should be taken into account before accepting an assignment.to account before accepting an assignment.)
  • STPD  + (At '''standard temperature and pressure dr ā€¦ At '''standard temperature and pressure dry''' (STPD: 0 Ā°C = 273.15 K and 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg), the molar volume of an ideal gas, ''V''<sub>m</sub>, and ''V''<sub>m,O<sub>2</sub></sub> is 22.414 and 22.392 Lāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Rounded to three decimal places, both values yield the conversion factor of 0.744 from units used in spiroergometry (''V''<sub>O<sub>2</sub>max</sub> [mL O<sub>2</sub>Ā·min<sup>-1</sup>]) to SI units [Āµmol O<sub>2</sub>Ā·s<sup>-1</sup>]. For comparison at normal temperature and pressure dry (NTPD: 20 Ā°C), ''V''<sub>m,O<sub>2</sub></sub> is 24.038 Lāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup>. Note that the SI standard pressure is 100 kPa, which corresponds to the standard molar volume of an ideal gas of 22.711 Lāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup> and 22.689 Lāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup> for O<sub>2</sub>.;/sup>. Note that the SI standard pressure is 100 kPa, which corresponds to the standard molar volume of an ideal gas of 22.711 Lāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup> and 22.689 Lāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup> for O<sub>2</sub>.)
  • Copyright  + (Authors retain the copyright for the conte ā€¦ Authors retain the copyright for the contents of their manuscripts published in [[Bioenergetics Communications]]. {''Quote''} All preprints are posted with a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, ensuring that authors retain '''copyright''' and receive credit for their work, while allowing anyone to read and reuse their work. {''end of Quote''}d and reuse their work. {''end of Quote''})
  • Mitophagy  + (Autophagy (self-eating) in general is viewed as a degradation process which removes non-essential or damaged cellular constituents. Ā» [[Mitophagy#Mitochondrial_mitophagy | '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Barth Syndome  + (Barth Syndome (BTHS) is an X-linked geneti ā€¦ Barth Syndome (BTHS) is an X-linked genetic condition that is caused by a mutation in the tafazzin gene (taz). This mutation causes cardiolipin abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, muscle weakness, growth delay, and exercise intolerance.</br></br>[https://www.barthsyndrome.org/about-barth-syndrome/overview-of-barth-syndrome Weblink]</br> Contributed by [[Sparagna GC]] 2016-04-24[[Sparagna GC]] 2016-04-24)
  • Biological contamination  + (Biological contamination may be caused by microbial growth in the O2k-Chamber or in the experimental medium.)
  • Bovine serum albumin  + (Bovine serum albumin is a membrane stabili ā€¦ Bovine serum albumin is a membrane stabilizer, oxygen radical scavenger, and binds Ca<sup>2+</sup> and free fatty acids, hence the rather expensive essentially free fatty acid free BSA is required in mitochondrial isolation and respiration media. Sigma A 6003 fraction V.lation and respiration media. Sigma A 6003 fraction V.)
  • Full screen  + (By clicking/enabling '''Full screen''' in ā€¦ By clicking/enabling '''Full screen''' in the Graph-menu in DatLab the currently selected graph is shown alone on the full screen (On) or together with the other defined graphs (Off). Full screen is particularly useful for a single channel overview and for Copy to clipboard [ALT+G B].rview and for Copy to clipboard [ALT+G B].)
  • Calcium retention capacity  + (Calcium retention capacity (CaRC) is a mea ā€¦ Calcium retention capacity (CaRC) is a measure of the capability of mitochondria to retain calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), primarily in the form of calcium phosphates, in the mitochondrial matrix. By storing calcium in the form of osmotically inactive precipitates the mitochondria contribute to the buffering of cytosolic free Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels and thereby to the regulation of calcium-dependent cellular processes. Alterations of CaRC are important in stress phenomena associated with energy limitation and have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases [[Starkov 2010 FEBS J |(Starkov 2013 FEBS J).]]</br>Experimentally, CaRC has been indirectly assessed by determination of respiratory rates of isolated mitochondria which were exposed to continuously increasing doses of Ca<sup>2+</sup> by use of the [[TIP2k-Module| Titration-Injection microPump TIP2k]]. The upper limit of CaRC was observed as a sudden decrease of respiration presumed to reflect opening of the permeability transition pore [[Hansson_2010_J_Biol_Chem |(Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem).]][[Hansson_2010_J_Biol_Chem |(Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem).]])
  • POS calibration - dynamic  + (Calibration of the sensor response time. See also [[POS calibration - static]].)
  • Cataplerosis  + (Cataplerosis is the exit of TCA cycle intermediates from the mt-matrix space.)
  • Living cells  + (Cell viability in '''living cells''' shoul ā€¦ Cell viability in '''living cells''' should be >95 % for various experimental investigations, including cell respirometry. Viable cells (vce) are characterized by an intact plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''<sub>ce</sub>) is the sum of viable cells (''N''<sub>vce</sub>) and dead cells (''N''<sub>dce</sub>). In contrast, the plasma membrane can be permeabilized selectively by mild detergents ([[digitonin]]), to obtain the [[Mitochondrial preparations |mt-preparation]] of [[permeabilized cells]] used for [[cell ergometry]]. Living cells are frequently labelled as ''intact cells'' in the sense of the total cell count, but ''intact'' may suggest dual meanings of ''viable'' or unaffected by a disease or mitochondrial injury.t dual meanings of ''viable'' or unaffected by a disease or mitochondrial injury.)
  • DatLab error messages  + (Common '''DatLab error messages''' and according actions and solutions are listed here.)
  • Citrate synthase  + (Condensation of [[oxaloacetate]] ā€¦ Condensation of [[oxaloacetate]] with acetyl-CoA yields citrate as an entry into the [[TCA cycle]]. CS is located in the mt-matrix. CS activity is frequently used as a functional marker of the amount of mitochondria (mitochondrial elementary marker, ''mtE'') for normalization of respiratory flux.'') for normalization of respiratory flux.)
  • O2k configuration  + (Configure or modify the settings for the O ā€¦ Configure or modify the settings for the O2k sensors</br></br>In '''O2k configuration''', channels (amperometric and potentiometric) can be switched on/off by selecting the according tick box. The Power-O2k number (P1, P2, ..) and numbers for O2 sensors, Amp sensors, pX electrodes and pX reference electrodes are entered or edited here. With the [[O2k-FluoRespirometer]] (O2k-Series H and higher), the serial numbers of the [[Smart Fluo-Sensor|Smart Fluo-Sensors]] are shown automatically under [Amperometric, Amp]. The O2k configuration window pops up when DatLab starts and "Connect to O2k" is pressed for the first time. It is also accessible from the menu "Oroboros O2k" and from within the [[O2k control]] and [[Mark statistics - DatLab|Mark statistics]] windows.[[Mark statistics - DatLab|Mark statistics]] windows.)
  • Cross-linked respiratory states  + (Coordinated respiratory [[SUIT|SUIT protocols]] ā€¦ Coordinated respiratory [[SUIT|SUIT protocols]] are designed to include '''cross-linked respiratory states''', which are common to these protocols. Different SUIT protocols address a variety of respiratory control steps which cannot be accomodated in a single protocol. Cross-linked respiratory states are included in each individual coordinated protocol, such that these states can be considered as replicate measurements, which also allow for harmonization of data obtained with these different protocols.a obtained with these different protocols.)
  • Energy metabolism  + (Core '''energy metabolism''' is the integr ā€¦ Core '''energy metabolism''' is the integrated biochemical process supplying the cell with ATP, utilizing ATP for various forms of work including biogenesis, maintaining ion and redox balance, and in specific organisms or tissues dissipating heat for temperature regulation.ssipating heat for temperature regulation.)
  • Set Power O2k number - DatLab  + (Create an identifier for your Power O2k instrument. Since it is displayed in the status panel (bottom right) and in axis labels, it should be a short code, any combination of digits and letters is allowed.)
  • Keyboard shortcuts - DatLab  + (DatLab provides several keyboard shortcuts to allow for quick access to many functions and settings without using a mouse.)
  • DatLab-Upgrading to DatLab 6  + (DatLab-Upgrading to DatLab 6: including free follow-up updates for DatLab 6 for the next two years)
  • O2k channel labels  + (Default channel labels can now be changed, ā€¦ Default channel labels can now be changed, and new labels set by the user. E.g., rename the Amperometric channel, Amp, to 'H2O2' for H2O2 measurements by fluorometry; rename the potentiometric channel, pX, to TPP+ for mitochondrial membrane measurements with the O2k-pH ISE-Module.</br>For changing the label, go to menu [Oroboros O2k]\O2k channel labels and set the new channel label as desired. and set the new channel label as desired.)
  • Test  + (Descr)
  • Q-pools  + (Different '''Q-pools''' are more or less c ā€¦ Different '''Q-pools''' are more or less clearly distinguished in the cell, related to a variety of models describing degress of Q-pool behavior. (''1'') [[CoQ]]-pools are distinguished according to their compartmentation in the cell: mitochondrial CoQ (mtCoQ) and CoQ in other organelles versus plasma-membrane CoQ. (''2'') The total mitochondrial CoQ-pool mtCoQ is partitioned into an [[ETS]]-reactive Q-pool, Q<sub>ra</sub>, and an inactive mtCoQ-pool, Q<sub>ia</sub>. (''2a'') The Q<sub>ra</sub>-pool is fully reduced in the form of quinol QH<sub>2</sub> under anoxia, and fully oxidized in the form of quinone in aerobic [[mitochondrial preparations]] incubated without [[CHNO-fuel substrate]]s. Intermediate redox states of Q<sub>ra</sub> are sensitive to pathway control and coupling control of mitochondrial electron transfer and [[OXPHOS]]. (''2b'') The Q<sub>ia</sub>-pool remains partially reduced and oxidized independent of aerobic-anoxic transitions. The redox state of Q<sub>ia</sub> is insensitive to changes in mitochondrial respiratory states. (''3'') The Q<sub>ra</sub>-pool is partitioned into Q with Q-pool behavior according to the fluid-state model (synonymous: random-collision model) and Q tightly bound to supercomplexes according to the solid-state model. The two models describe the extremes in a continuum of homogenous or heterogenous Q-pool behavior. The CII-Q-CIII segment of the [[S-pathway]] is frequently considered to follow homogenous Q-pool behavior participating in the Q<sub>hom</sub>-pool, whereas the CI-Q-CIII segment of the [[N-pathway]] indicates [[supercomplex]] organization and metabolic channeling with different degrees of Q-pool heterogeneity contributing to the Q<sub>het</sub>-pool.[[supercomplex]] organization and metabolic channeling with different degrees of Q-pool heterogeneity contributing to the Q<sub>het</sub>-pool.)
  • Dilution effect  + (Dilution of the concentration of a compound or sample in the experimental chamber by a titration of another solution into the chamber.)
  • Biochemical threshold effect  + (Due to threshold effects, even a large defect diminishing the velocity of an individual enzyme results in only minor changes of pathway flux.)
  • Electron leak  + (Electrons that escape the [[electron transfer pathway]] ā€¦ Electrons that escape the [[electron transfer pathway]] without completing the reduction of oxygen to water at cytochrome ''c'' oxidase, causing the production of [[Reactive_oxygen_species |ROS]]. The rate of electron leak depends on the topology of the complex, the redox state of the moiety responsible of electron leakiness and usually on the protonmotive force ([[Protonmotive force|Ī”''p'']]). In some cases, the [[Protonmotive force|Ī”''p'']] dependance relies more on the āˆ†pH component than in the āˆ†''ĪØ''.e on the āˆ†pH component than in the āˆ†''ĪØ''.)
  • Proton leak  + (Flux of protons driven by the protonmotive ā€¦ Flux of protons driven by the protonmotive force across the inner mt-membrane, bypassing the [[ATP synthase]] and thus contributing to [[LEAK respiration]]. Proton leak-flux depends non-linearly (non-ohmic) on the protonmotive [[force]]. Compare: [[Proton slip]].[[Proton slip]].)
  • Shipping an O2k  + (For '''shipping an O2k or parts''', standa ā€¦ For '''shipping an O2k or parts''', standard operating procedures have to be followed to avoid damage of the instrument and unexpected delays. The [[O2k-Main Unit]] must be shipped only in [[Packing\O2k-Box 1]], without [[O2k-chamber]]s and without [[OroboPOS]]. Two [[O2k-Chamber Holder]]s, two [[OroboPOS-Holder]]s and two [[OroboPOS-Connector]]s are attached to the O2k-Main Unit for transport.tached to the O2k-Main Unit for transport.)
  • DatLab-Analysis templates  + (Go in DatLab to [[Mark statistics - DatLab|Mark statistics]] ā€¦ Go in DatLab to [[Mark statistics - DatLab|Mark statistics]] (F2), select which type of marks you want to export ("All marks in plot" or "DL-Protocol marks", with 3 possibilities each), then click on [Copy to clipboard] to copy selected values and paste them to a '''DatLab-Analysis template''' for numerical and graphical data analysis.for numerical and graphical data analysis.)
  • Hydronium ion  + (H<sup>+</sup> forms the '''hydronium ion''' H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, which in turn is further solvated by water molecules in clusters such as H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> and H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>.)
  • Energy  + (Heat and work are forms of '''energy''' [1 ā€¦ Heat and work are forms of '''energy''' [1 cal = 4.184 J]. Energy [J] is a fundamental term that is used in physics and physical chemistry with various meanings [1]. These meanings become explicit in the following equations relating to systems at constant [[volume]] (d''V'' = 0) or constant gas [[pressure]] (d''p'' = 0). Energy is exchanged between a system and the environment across the system boundaries in the form of [[heat]], d<sub>e</sub>''Q'', total or available [[work]], d<sub>et</sub>''W'' (or d<sub>et</sub>''W''), and [[matter]], d<sub>mat</sub>''U'' (or d<sub>mat</sub>''H'') [2], </br></br> d''U'' = (d<sub>e</sub>''Q'' + d<sub>et</sub>''W'') + d<sub>mat</sub>''U'' ; d''V'' = 0 [Eq. 1a]</br></br> d''H'' = (d<sub>e</sub>''Q'' + d<sub>e</sub>''W'') + d<sub>mat</sub>''H'' ; d''p'' = 0 [Eq. 1b]</br></br>Whereas d''U'' (or d''H'') describe the [[internal-energy]] change (or [[enthalpy]] change) of the ''system'', heat and work are ''external'' energy changes (subscript e; et: external total; e: external excluding pressure-volume work), and d<sub>mat</sub>''U'' (or d<sub>mat</sub>''H'') are the exchange of matter expressed in internal-energy (or enthaply) equivalents. In closed systems, d<sub>mat</sub>''U'' = 0 (d<sub>mat</sub>''H'' = 0). The energy balance equation [Eq. 1] is a form of the First Law of Thermodynamics, which is the law of conservation of internal-energy, stating that energy cannot be generated or destroyed: energy can only be transformed into different forms of work and heat, and transferred in the form of matter.</br></br>Notably, the term '''energy''' is general and vague, since energy may be associated with either the first or second law of thermodynamics. Work is a form of energy exchange [Eq. 1], but can be seen as [[exergy]] exchange in conjunction with d<sub>e</sub>''G'' = d<sub>e</sub>''W'' in a closed system [Eq. 3b].</br></br>An equally famous energy balance equation considers energy changes of the system only, in the most simple form for isothermal systems (d''T'' = 0):</br></br> d''U'' = d''A'' + ''T''āˆ™d''S'' = d''U'' + d''B'' [Eq. 2a]</br></br> d''H'' = d''G'' + ''T''āˆ™d''S'' = d''G'' + d''B'' [Eq. 2b]</br></br>The internal-energy change, d''U'' (enthalpy change, d''H'') is the sum of ''free'' energy change ([[Helmholtz energy]], d''A''; or Gibbs energy = [[exergy]] change, d''G'') and ''bound'' energy change ([[bound energy]], d''B'' = ''T''āˆ™d''S''). The bound energy is that part of the energy change that is always bound to an exchange of heat.</br></br>A third energy balance equation accounts for changes of the system in terms of irreversible internal processes (i) occuring within the system boundaries, and reversible external processes (e) of transfer across the system boundaries (at constant gas pressure),</br></br> d''H'' = d<sub>i</sub>''H'' + d<sub>e</sub>''H'' [Eq. 3a]</br></br> d''G'' = d<sub>i</sub>''G'' + d<sub>e</sub>''G'' [Eq. 3b]</br></br>The energy conservation law of thermodynamics (first law) can be formulated as d<sub>i</sub>''H'' = 0 (at constant gas pressure), whereas the generally negative sign of the [[dissipated energy]], d<sub>i</sub>''G'' ā‰” d<sub>i</sub>''D'' ā‰¤ 0, is a formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Insertion into Eq. 3 yields,</br></br> d''H'' = d<sub>e</sub>''H'' [Eq. 4a]</br></br> d''G'' = d<sub>i</sub>''D'' + d<sub>e</sub>''W'' + d<sub>mat</sub>''G'' [Eq. 4b]</br></br>When talking about energy transformations, the term energy is used in a general sense without specification of these various forms of energy. the second law of thermodynamics. Insertion into Eq. 3 yields, d''H'' = d<sub>e</sub>''H'' [Eq. 4a] d''G'' = d<sub>i</sub>''D'' + d<sub>e</sub>''W'' + d<sub>mat</sub>''G'' [Eq. 4b] When talking about energy transformations, the term energy is used in a general sense without specification of these various forms of energy.)
  • Euthanyl/Pentobarbitol  + (I am often asked by reviewers to discuss the effects of pentobarbitol euthansia on mithochondrial function. [[Takaki 1997 JJP]]: This paper has been helpful in this discussion. (edit by [[Staples JF]]))
  • Substrate  + (IUPAC distinguishes three definitions of ' ā€¦ IUPAC distinguishes three definitions of 'substrate': (1) The chemical entity whose conversion to a [[product]] or products is catalysed by one or several enzymes. (2) A solution or dry mixture containing all ingredients which are necessary for the growth of a microbial culture or for product formation. (3) Component in the nutrient medium, supplying the organisms with carbon (C-substrate), nitrogen (N-substrate), etc.</br></br>A substrate in a chemical reaction has a negative [[stoichiometric number]] since it is consumed, whereas a product has a positive stoichiometric number since it is produced.toichiometric number since it is produced.)
  • Anoxia  + (Ideally the terms '''anoxia''' and anoxic ā€¦ Ideally the terms '''anoxia''' and anoxic (anox, without oxygen) should be restricted to conditions where molecular oxygen is strictly absent. Practically, effective anoxia is obtained when a further decrease of experimental oxygen levels does not elicit any physiological or biochemical response. The practical definition, therefore, depends on (i) the techiques applied for oxygen removal and minimizing oxygen diffusion into the experimental system, (ii) the sensitivity and limit of detection of analytical methods of measuring oxygen (O<sub>2</sub> concentration in the nM range), and (iii) the types of diagnostic tests applied to evaluate effects of trace amounts of oxygen on physiological and biochemical processes. The difficulties involved in defining an absolute limit between anoxic and [[microxic]] conditions are best illustrated by a logarithmic scale of oxygen pressure or oxygen concentration. In the '''''anoxic state''''' ([[State 5]]), any aerobic type of metabolism cannot take place, whereas '''''[[anaerobic]] metabolism''''' may proceed under oxic or anoxic conditions.lism''''' may proceed under oxic or anoxic conditions.)
  • Display numerical value  + (If '''Display numerical value''' the current numerical values are displayed in the graph for the active plots on the Y1 axis and Y2 axis (during data acquisition only).)
  • Dual wavelength analysis  + (If a sample contains a number of absorbing ā€¦ If a sample contains a number of absorbing substances, it is sometimes possible to select discrete pairs of wavelengths at which the change in [[absorbance]] of a particular substance (due to oxidation or reduction, for example) is largely independent of changes in the [[absorbance]] of other substances present. '''Dual wavelength analysis''' can be carried out for [[cytochrome c]] by subtracting the [[absorbance]] at 540 nm from that at 550nm in order to give a measure of the degree of reduction. Similarly, by subtracting the [[absorbance]] at 465 nm from that at 444 nm, an indicator of the [[redox state]] of [[Complex IV | cytochrome ''aa''<sub>3</sub>]] can be obtained.[[Complex IV | cytochrome ''aa''<sub>3</sub>]] can be obtained.)
  • Copy marks  + (In '''Copy marks''', [[Marks - DatLab |Marks in DatLab]] are copied from a seleted [[Plot - DatLab |Plot]] to the active plot.)
  • Mark statistics - DatLab  + (In '''Mark statistics''' one [[Plot - DatLab |Plot]] is selected as a source for [[Marks - DatLab|Marks]] over sections of time. Values (e.g. medians) are displayed for these time sections of the source plot and of all selected plots.)
  • Chlororespiration  + (In '''chlororespiration''' oxygen is consu ā€¦ In '''chlororespiration''' oxygen is consumed by a putative respiratory electron transfer system (ETS) within the thylakoid membrane of the [[chloroplasts]] and ATP is produced. It is a process that involves the interaction with the photosynthetic ETS in which NAD(P)H dehydrogenase transfers electrons to oxygen with the assistance of the photosynthetic plastoquinone (PQ), which acts as a non-photochemical redox carrier. Initially described in the unicellular alga ''Chlamydomonas reindhartdii'', chlororespiration was highly disputed for years until the discovery of a NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase (NDH) complex (plastidic encoded) and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) (nuclear encoded) in higher-plant chloroplasts. PTOX is homologous to the plant mitochondrial alternative oxidase and has the role of preventing the over-reduction of the PQ pool while the NDH complexes provide a gateway for the electrons to form the ETS and consume oxygen. As a result of this process there is a cyclic electron flow around Photosystem I (PSI) that is activated under stress conditions acting as a photoprotection mechanism and could be involved in protecting against oxidative stress.ed in protecting against oxidative stress.)
  • Reflectance spectrophotometry  + (In '''reflectance spectrophotometry''' the light from the sample is reflected back to the [[detector]] using mirrors. Before [[absorbance]] measurements can be made, a [[white balance]] is carried out.)
  • Remittance spectrophotometry  + (In '''remittance spectrophotometry''' [[incident light]] ā€¦ In '''remittance spectrophotometry''' [[incident light]] enters a [[scattering]] medium and is scattered back to the receiving optics (usually [[lightguides]]) before being directed to the [[detector]]. Before [[absorbance]] measurements can be made, a [[white balance]] is carried out.[[white balance]] is carried out.)
  • Uncoupler titrations  + (In '''uncoupler titrations''' various [[uncoupler]] ā€¦ In '''uncoupler titrations''' various [[uncoupler]]s, such as CCCP, FCCP or DNP are applied to uncouple mitochondrial electron transfer from phosphorylation ([[ATP synthase]], [[ANT]] and [[phosphate carrier]]), particularly with the aim to measure [[ET capacity]]. ET capacity is maximum [[oxygen flux]] measured as [[noncoupled respiration]] with [[optimum uncoupler concentration]].[[optimum uncoupler concentration]].)
  • Copy to clipboard  + (In DatLab '''Copy to clipboard''' can be used to copy selected graphs or values and to paste them to your preferred program or file (e.g. Word, Excel).)
  • Start recording - DatLab  + (In DatLab 8, the start recording window allows to select protocols or settings before starting recording a file.)
  • Noise  + (In [[fluorometry]] ā€¦ In [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]], '''noise''' can be attributed to the statistical nature of the photon emission from a [[light source]] and the inherent noise in the instrumentā€™s electronics. The former causes problems in measurements involving samples of analytes with a low [[extinction coefficient]] and present only in low concentrations. The latter becomes problematic with high [[absorbance]] samples where the light intensity emerging from the sample is very small.ty emerging from the sample is very small.)
  • Blank  + (In [[fluorometry]] and [[transmission spectrophotometry]] '''blank''' [[cuvettes]] (with no samples in them) are used to carry out the [[balance]].)
  • White balance  + (In [[reflectance spectrophotometry]] ā€¦ In [[reflectance spectrophotometry]] and [[remission spectrophotometry]] a white balance is carried out to determine the intensity of the incident light (''I''<sub>''0''</sub>) for the purpose of quantitative [[absorbance]] measurements. In [[reflectance spectrophotometry]], a mirror can be used whereas in [[remission spectrophotometry]] a standard white tile is more appropriate.[[remission spectrophotometry]] a standard white tile is more appropriate.)
  • Discontinuous system  + (In a '''discontinuous system''', gradients ā€¦ In a '''discontinuous system''', gradients in [[continuous system]]s across the length, ''l'', of the diffusion path [m], are replaced by differences across compartmental boundaries of zero thickness, and the local concentration is replaced by the free activity, ''Ī±'' [molĀ·dm<sup>-3</sup>]. The length of the diffusion path may not be constant along all diffusion pathways, spacial direction varies (''e.g.'', in a spherical particle surrounded by a semipermeable membrane), and information on the diffusion paths may even be not known in a discontinuous system. In this case (''e.g.'', in most treatments of the [[protonmotive force]]) the diffusion path is moved from the (ergodynamic) isomorphic [[force]] term to the (kinetic) [[mobility]] term. The synonym of a discontinuous system is '''compartmental''' or discretized system. In the first part of the definition of discontinuous systems, three compartments are considered: (1) the source compartment A, (2) the sink compartment B, and (3) the internal barrier compartment with thickness ''l''. In a two-compartmental description, a system boundary is defined of zero thickness, such that the barrier comparment (''e.g.'', a semipermeable membrane) is either part of the system (internal) or part of the environment (external). Similarly, the intermediary steps in a chemical reaction may be explicitely considered in an ergodnamic multi-comparment system; alternatively, the kinetic analysis of all intermediary steps may be collectively considered in the catalytic reaction ''mobility'', reducing the measurement to a two-compartmental analysis of the substrate and product compartments.al analysis of the substrate and product compartments.)
  • Flow  + (In an isomorphic analysis, any form of ''' ā€¦ In an isomorphic analysis, any form of '''flow''', ''I'' is the [[advancement]] of a process per unit of time, expressed in a specific motive unit [MUāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], ''e.g.'', ampere for electric flow or current [Aā‰”Cāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], watt for heat flow [Wā‰”Jāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], and for chemical flow the unit is [molāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>]. Flow is an [[extensive quantity]]. The corresponding isomorphic [[force]]s are the partial exergy (Gibbs energy) changes per advancement [Jāˆ™MU<sup>-1</sup>], expressed in volt for electric force [Vā‰”Jāˆ™C<sup>-1</sup>], dimensionless for thermal force, and for chemical force the unit is [Jāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup>], which deserves a specific acronym ([Jol]) comparable to volt.for chemical force the unit is [Jāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup>], which deserves a specific acronym ([Jol]) comparable to volt.)
  • Advancement  + (In an isomorphic analysis, any form of [[flow]] ā€¦ In an isomorphic analysis, any form of [[flow]] is the '''advancement''' of a process per unit of time, expressed in a specific [[motive unit]] [MUāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], ''e.g.'', ampere for electric flow or current, ''I''<sub>el</sub> = d<sub>el</sub>''Ī¾''/d''t'' [Aā‰”Cāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], watt for thermal or heat flow, ''I''<sub>th</sub> = d<sub>th</sub>''Ī¾''/d''t'' [Wā‰”Jāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>], and for chemical flow of reaction, ''I''<sub>r</sub> = d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾''/d''t'', the unit is [molāˆ™s<sup>-1</sup>] ('''extent of reaction''' per time). The corresponding motive [[force]]s are the partial exergy (Gibbs energy) changes per advancement [Jāˆ™MU<sup>-1</sup>], expressed in volt for electric force, Ī”<sub>el</sub>''F'' = āˆ‚''G''/āˆ‚<sub>el</sub>''Ī¾'' [Vā‰”Jāˆ™C<sup>-1</sup>], dimensionless for thermal force, Ī”<sub>th</sub>''F'' = āˆ‚''G''/āˆ‚<sub>th</sub>''Ī¾'' [Jāˆ™J<sup>-1</sup>], and for chemical force, Ī”<sub>r</sub>''F'' = āˆ‚''G''/āˆ‚<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾'', the unit is [Jāˆ™mol<sup>-1</sup>], which deserves a specific acronym [Jol] comparable to volt [V]. For chemical processes of reaction (spontaneous from high-potential substrates to low-potential products) and compartmental diffusion (spontaneous from a high-potential compartment to a low-potential compartment), the advancement is the amount of motive substance that has undergone a compartmental transformation [mol]. The concept was originally introduced by De Donder [1]. Central to the concept of advancement is the [[stoichiometric number]], ''Ī½''<sub>''i''</sub>, associated with each motive component ''i'' (transformant [2]).</br></br>In a chemical reaction r the motive entity is the stoichiometric amount of reactant, d<sub>r</sub>''n''<sub>''i''</sub>, with stoichiometric number ''Ī½''<sub>''i''</sub>. The advancement of the chemical reaction, d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾'' [mol], is defined as,</br> d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾'' = d<sub>r</sub>''n''<sub>''i''</sub>Ā·''Ī½''<sub>''i''</sub><sup>-1</sup></br></br>The flow of the chemical reaction, ''I''<sub>r</sub> [molĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>], is advancement per time,</br> ''I''<sub>r</sub> = d<sub>r</sub>''Ī¾''Ā·d''t''<sup>-1</sup></br></br>This concept of advancement is extended to compartmental diffusion and the advancement of charged particles [3], and to any discontinuous transformation in compartmental systems [2],</br>:::: [[File:Advancement.png|100px]])
  • Abundance  + (In chemistry or physics, '''abundance''' o ā€¦ In chemistry or physics, '''abundance''' or '''natural abundance''' refers to the amount of a chemical element isotope existing in nature. The abundance of an isotope on the Earth may vary depending on the place, but remains relatively constant in time (on a short-term scale). In a chemical reaction, the reactant is in abundance when the quantity of a substance is enough (or high) and constant during the reaction. </br>'''Relative abundance''' represents the percentage of the total amount of all isotopes of the element. The relative abundance of each isotope in a sample can be identified using mass spectrometry.can be identified using mass spectrometry.)
  • Pathway and coupling control states  + (In mitochondrial respiratory physiology a ā€¦ In mitochondrial respiratory physiology a large number of '''pathway and coupling control states''' is encountered, for which a unified system of terms and abbreviations is required. In [[mitochondrial preparations]] there is a large number of potentially complex [[pathway control state]]s, in contrast to only three [[coupling control state]]s (''L'', ''P'', ''E''). Therefore, it is practical to use ''L'', ''P'', and ''E'' as subscripts attached to the abbreviation of the pathway control state.abbreviation of the pathway control state.)
  • Journal publication  + (In most cases '''journal publication''' {' ā€¦ In most cases '''journal publication''' {''Quote''} will not be affected by posting a preprint. However, there are some publishers that do not consider papers that have already appeared online. We strongly recommend that you check all journals that you might submit to in advance {''end of Quote''}. A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_journals_by_preprint_policy list of academic journals by preprint policy] is available.journals by preprint policy] is available.)
  • Averaging  + (In order to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] a number of sequential spectra may be averaged over time. The number of spectra to be averaged can be set prior to carrying out the measurements, or afterwards during data analysis.)
  • Ascorbate  + (In respiratory assays for cytochrome ''c'' ā€¦ In respiratory assays for cytochrome ''c'' oxidase activity ([[Complex IV|Complex IV, CIV]]), '''ascorbate''' is added as regenerating system to maintain [[TMPD]] in a reduced state. It has to be titrated into the respiration medium prior to the addition of TMPD, otherwise the [[autoxidation]] reaction velocity is permanently elevated.reaction velocity is permanently elevated.)
  • Body fat excess  + (In the [[healthy reference population]] ā€¦ In the [[healthy reference population]] (HRP), there is zero '''body fat excess''', BFE, and the fraction of excess body fat in the HRP is expressed - by definition - relative to the reference body mass, ''M''Ā°, at any given [[height of humans |height]]. Importantly, body fat excess, BFE, and [[body mass excess]], BME, are linearly related, which is not the case for the body mass index, BMI.not the case for the body mass index, BMI.)
  • Quantities, symbols, and units  + (In the context of '''quantities, symbols, ā€¦ In the context of '''quantities, symbols, and units''', a code is required to convert terms defining physicochemical quantities into symbols (encoding) and to decode symbols as used in equations, text, and figures. Then symbols and abbreviations gain meaning. Simple symbols ā€” such as ''Q'' or ''N'' ā€” are used with different meanings depending on context (think of ''Q'' for heat and ''Q'' for electric charge; or ''N'' for number of cells and ''N'' for number of O<sub>2</sub> molecules). The context provides the code. When the context is extended, the symbols have to be expanded too, including more detail to avoid confusion (''Q''<sub>th</sub> versus ''Q''<sub>el</sub>; ''N''<sub>ce</sub> versus ''N''<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>). Then symbols may appear too complicated, loosing the function of sending their message quickly. There is no single best way to design the right symbol or to replace meaningful symbols (''Q''<sub>el</sub>) by ambiguous abbreviations (''Q'') ā€” all depends on context. We need to use the adequate medium (words, symbols, and abbreviations; equations, text, and figures; videos and slide presentations) and provide the code to achieve communication. The medium is the message, the message is the meaning ā€” from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Medium_Is_the_Massage Marshall McLuhan] to [[Hofstadter 1979 Harvester Press |Hofstadter]].dter 1979 Harvester Press |Hofstadter]].)
  • Extended abstracts  + (In the context of MiP''events'', '''extend ā€¦ In the context of MiP''events'', '''extended abstracts''' are accepted for preprint publication in [[MitoFit Preprints]] upon evaluation by the MitoFit Preprints Scientific Advisory Board. Publishing extended abstracts with MitoFit Preprints does not preclude later full journal publication, but will make your work fully citable, by assigning each manuscript a unique DOI number, and facilitate discovery and feedback.er, and facilitate discovery and feedback.)
  • Electron transfer pathway  + (In the mitochondrial '''electron transfer ā€¦ In the mitochondrial '''electron transfer pathway''' (ET pathway) electrons are transferred from externally supplied reduced fuel substrates to oxygen. Based on this experimentally oriented definition (see [[ET capacity]]), the ET pathway consists of (1) the [[membrane-bound ET pathway]] with respiratory complexes located in the inner mt-membrane, (2) [[TCA cycle]] and other mt-matrix dehydrogenases generating NADH and succinate, and (3) the carriers involved in metabolite transport across the mt-membranes.</br>Ā» [[#Electron transfer pathway versus electron transport chain |'''MiPNet article''']][#Electron transfer pathway versus electron transport chain |'''MiPNet article''']])
  • Select plots - DatLab  + (In the pull-down menue [Graph], '''Select ā€¦ In the pull-down menue [Graph], '''Select plots''' opens the Graph layout window 'Plots'. For each graph, the plots shown with the Y1 or Y2 axis can be selected, axis labels and line styles can be defined, the unit for the calibrated signal can be changed, Flux/Slope can be chosen to be displayed as Flux per volume or as normalized specific flux/flow, the background correction can be switched on or off, and the channel can be selectively displayed as the raw signal. Graph layouts can be selected and loaded or a Graph layout may be saved. </br>Ā»''Compare:'' [[Scaling - DatLab]].[Scaling - DatLab]].)
  • Limiting pO2  + (In the transition from aerobic to [[anaerobic | anaerobic metabolism]] ā€¦ In the transition from aerobic to [[anaerobic | anaerobic metabolism]], there is a limiting ''p''<sub>O2</sub>, ''p''<sub>lim</sub>, below which anaerobic energy flux is switched on and [[Calorespirometric ratio|CR ratios]] become more exothermic than the [[oxycaloric equivalent]]. ''p''<sub>lim</sub> may be significanlty below the [[critical pO2|critical ''p''<sub>O2</sub>]].[[critical pO2|critical ''p''<sub>O2</sub>]].)
  • Transmission spectrophotometry  + (In the transmission mode, the incident light passes through the sample [[cuvettes]] and the emergent light reaches the [[detector]] directly. Before [[absorbance]] measurements can be made, a [[balance]] is carried out.)
  • Sample - DatLab  + (In the window '''Sample and medium''', inf ā€¦ In the window '''Sample and medium''', information is entered and displayed for the sample and medium. Entries can be edited any time during the experiment or during post-experiment analysis. All related results are recalculated instantaneously with the new parameters.d instantaneously with the new parameters.)
  • Balance  + (In transmission spectrophotometry [[blank]] ā€¦ In transmission spectrophotometry [[blank]] [[cuvettes]] are used to record the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''<sub>''0''</sub>) prior to absorbance measurements. (See [[white balance]] for [[reflectance spectrophotometry]], [[remittance spectrophotometry]]).[[remittance spectrophotometry]]).)
  • Instrumental: Browse DL-Protocols and templates  + (Instrumental [[Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit| DL-Protocols]] ā€¦ Instrumental [[Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit| DL-Protocols]] (DLP) including DatLab example traces, instructions, brief explanatory texts, links to relevant pages and templates for data evaluation can be browsed from inside DatLab 7.4. Click on menu [Protocols]\Instrumental: Browse DL-Protocols and templates to open a folder with all the [[Run DL-Protocol/Set O2 limit| DL-Protocols]] and templates for cleaning, calibration, and background determination provided with the DatLab 7.4. Select a sub-directory and open an DL-Protocol and/or template as desired.an DL-Protocol and/or template as desired.)
  • Mitochondrial respiration  + (Integrative measure of the dynamics of com ā€¦ Integrative measure of the dynamics of complex coupled metabolic pathways, including metabolite transport across the mt-membranes, [[TCA cycle]] function with electron transfer through dehydrogenases in the mt-matrix, membrane-bound electron transfer [[Membrane-bound ET pathway|mET-pathway]], the transmembrane proton circuit, and the phosphorylation system.n circuit, and the phosphorylation system.)
  • Intensive quantity  + (Intensive quantities are partial derivativ ā€¦ Intensive quantities are partial derivatives of an extensive quantity by the advancement, d<sub>tr</sub>''Ī¾''<sub>''X''</sub>, of an energy transformation tr; ''example:'' [[Force]]. In contrast to [[extensive quantity |extensive quantities]] which pertain to the entire system and are additive, extensive quantities 'take well defined values at each point of the system' ([[Prigogine 1967 Interscience]]) and are non-additive. Intensive and extensive quantities can be easily discriminated by the units, e.g. [J] for the extensive quantity, in contrast to [JĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup>] for the corresponding intensive quantity. In the general definition of thermodynamics, intensive quantities are not distinguished from [[specific quantity |specific quantities]] ([[Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book]]). [[Ergodynamics]] emphasizes the contrast between specific quantities which are extensive quantities normalized for a variable expressing system size (mass, volume of the system, amount of substance in a system) and intensive quantities which are normalized for the motive unit of a transformation (mass exchanged, volume change of the system, amount of substance reacting in a system; [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]). Intensive and specific quantities are both non-additive, take well defined values at each point of the system, and both corresponding quantities are expressed in identical units, e.g. the intensive quantity Gibbs force of a catabolic reaction (such as oxidation; 0 = -1 Glc - 6 O<sub>2</sub> + 6 CO<sub>2</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O), Ī”<sub>k</sub>''G''<sub>Glc</sub> [kJĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup>], and the specific quantity Gibbs energy per mole glucose contained in a system, ''G''<sub>Glc</sub> [kJĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup>] (with respect to an arbitrarily defined reference state, such as the reference state of formation or combustion).<sub>Glc</sub> [kJĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup>] (with respect to an arbitrarily defined reference state, such as the reference state of formation or combustion).)
  • Statistical significance  + (It is advisable to replace levels of '''statistical significance''' (*, **, ***) by simply stating the actual ''p''-values.)
  • OSF Preprint server  + (Leading preprint service providers use ''' ā€¦ Leading preprint service providers use '''OSF Preprints''' as an open source infrastructure to support their communities. You should upload your preprint to whichever preprint server best fits your topic and the community that you would like to reach. If there isnā€™t a community-driven preprint server for your discipline, OSF Preprints is available for any discipline. Currently, you can only share your preprint on one community preprint server. Itā€™s on our roadmap to allow users to submit a preprint to multiple community preprint servers. However, to improve discoverability across communities, all preprints shared on OSF Preprints and community preprint servers are indexed and searchable via osf.io/preprints. Right now, it is not possible to add subjects. However, you can add tags with additional subject areas or keywords to improve discoverability. COS supports communities operating their own branded community preprint services using OSF Preprints as the backend.OSF is based in Charlottesville, VA, USA..OSF is based in Charlottesville, VA, USA.)
  • Sarcopenia  + (Low muscle strength is a key characteristic of '''sarcopenia''' due to low muscle quantity and quality, with poor physical performance at severe sarcopenia. Older age may be defined as the age group when sarcopenia becomes a common burden.)
  • Superoxide dismutase  + (Mammalian '''superoxide dismutase''' (SOD) ā€¦ Mammalian '''superoxide dismutase''' (SOD) exists in three forms, of which the Mn-SOD occurs in mitochondria (mtSOD, SOD2; 93 kD homotetramer) and many bacteria, in contrast to the Cu-Zn forms of SOD (cytosolic SOD1, extracellular SOD3 anchored to the extracellular matrix and cell surface). [[Superoxide]] anion (O<sub>2</sub><sup>ā€¢-</sup>) is a major [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS) which is dismutated by SOD to [[oxygen]] and [[hydrogen peroxide | H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]].hydrogen peroxide | H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]].)
  • Manuscript template for MitoFit Preprints  + (Manuscripts template for [[MitoFit Preprints]] and [[Bioenergetics Communications]].)
  • Attached cells  + (Many cell types are grown in culture as '''attached cells''', such as endothelial or neuronal cells in a monolayer.)
  • Metabolic control analysis  + (Metabolic control analysis is a science fo ā€¦ Metabolic control analysis is a science focused on the understanding of metabolic regulation and control. In metabolism, the reductionist approach has allowed us to know which enzymes, metabolites and genes are involved in a metabolic pathway but this is not enough to understand how it is controlled, resulting in poor results from attempts to increase the rates of selected metabolic pathways. The control of the metabolism is the capacity to alter the metabolic state in response to an external signal. With this definition in mind, we will assess the metabolic control in terms of the strength of any of the responses to the external factor without making the assumption about the function or purpose of that response[1].</br></br>====Bibliography:====</br></br>::1. David Fell. Frontiers in metabolism 2. Understanding the control of metabolism. Portland Press. 1997.ntrol of metabolism. Portland Press. 1997.)
  • MiPNet-Publication  + (MiPNet is the abbreviation for the OROBOROS Journal '''Mitochondrial Physiology Network''', including chapters of the [[O2k-Manual]], [[O2k-Procedures]], [[O2k-Workshops]], and other announcements, starting with MiPNet 01 in 1996. See also Ā»[[MiPNet]].)
  • Communication - mitochondria and the patient  + (Mitochondria and the patient: communication between patients, medical professionals, scientists, and the public)
  • Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration  + (Mitochondrial '''Substrate-uncoupler-inhib ā€¦ Mitochondrial '''Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration''' ('''SUIT''') [[MitoPedia: SUIT |protocols]] are used with [[mitochondrial preparations]] to study respiratory control in a sequence of coupling and substrates states induced by multiple titrations within a single experimental [[assay]].[[assay]].)
  • Hydrogen ion pump  + (Mitochondrial '''hydrogen ion pumps''' ā€” f ā€¦ Mitochondrial '''hydrogen ion pumps''' ā€” frequently referred to as "proton pumps" ā€” are large enzyme complexes (CI, CIII, CIV, ATP synthase) spanning the mt-inner membrane mtIM, partially encoded by mtDNA. [[Complex I|CI]], [[CIII]] and [[CIV]] are H<sup>+</sup> pumps that drive [[hydrogen ion]]s against the electrochemical [[protonmotive force]] ''pmF'' and thus generating the ''pmF'', driven by electron transfer from reduced substrates to oxygen. In contrast, [[ATP synthase]] (also known as CV) is a H<sup>+</sup> pump that utilizes the exergy of proton flow along the protonmotive force to drive phosphorylation of [[ADP]] to [[ATP]].P]].)
  • Malate dehydrogenase  + (Mitochondrial '''malate dehydrogenase''' i ā€¦ Mitochondrial '''malate dehydrogenase''' is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidizes [[malate]], generated from fumarate by fumarase, to [[oxaloacetate]], reducing NAD<sup>+</sup> to NADH+H<sup>+</sup> in the [[TCA cycle]]. Malate is added as a substrate in most [[N-pathway control state]]s.[[N-pathway control state]]s.)
  • Proton pump  + (Mitochondrial '''proton pumps''' are large ā€¦ Mitochondrial '''proton pumps''' are large enzyme complexes (CI, CIII, CIV, CV) spanning the inner mt-membrane, partially encoded by mtDNA. [[Complex I|CI]], [[CIII]] and [[CIV]] are proton pumps that drive [[proton]]s against the electrochemical [[protonmotive force]], driven by electron transfer from reduced substrates to oxygen. In contrast, [[ATP synthase]] (also known as CIV) is a proton pump that utilizes the energy of proton flow along the protonmotive force to drive phosphorylation of [[ADP]] to [[ATP]].[[ATP]].)
  • MiR06Cr  + (Mitochondrial respiration medium, '''MiR06Cr''', developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations - ''[[permeabilized muscle fibers]]''. MiR06Cr = [[MiR06]] + 20 mM [[Creatine|creatine]].)
  • MiR05Cr  + (Mitochondrial respiration medium, '''MiR05Cr''', developed for oxygraph incubations of mitochondrial preparations - ''[[permeabilized muscle fibers]]''. MiR05Cr = [[MiR05]] + 20 mM [[Creatine|creatine]].)
  • Mitochondrial respiration media: comparison  + (Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and con ā€¦ Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and control are compared in different '''mitochondrial respiration media''', MiRs, to evaluate the quality of MiRs in preserving mitochondrial function and to harmonize results obtained in various studies using different MiRs. In some cases alterations of the formulation are incorporated to optimize conditions for the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters, e.g. respiration and [[ROS]] production.[[ROS]] production.)
  • Hydrogen  + (Molecular '''hydrogen''' H<sub>2< ā€¦ Molecular '''hydrogen''' H<sub>2</sub> is a constituent of the air with a volume fraction of 0.00005. It is a colorless and odorless gas with a molecular mass of 2.016. Its pharmacological potential and effects on mitochondrial metabolism are discussed in various publications without complete evidence on the underlying mechanisms.ithout complete evidence on the underlying mechanisms.)
  • Scattering  + (Most biological samples do not consist sim ā€¦ Most biological samples do not consist simply of pigments but also particles (e.g. cells, fibres, mitochondria) which scatter the [[incident light]]. The effect of '''scattering''' is an apparent increase in [[absorbance]] due to an increase in pathlength and the loss of light scattered in directions other than that of the detector. Two types of scattering are encountered. For incident light of wavelength ''Ī»'', Rayleigh scattering is due to particles of diameter < ''Ī»'' (molecules, sub-cellular particles). The intensity of scatter light is proportional to ''Ī»''<sup>4</sup> and is predominantly backward scattering. Mie scattering is caused by particles of diameter of the order of or greater than ''Ī»'' (tissue cells). The intensity of scatter light is proportional to 1/''Ī»'' and is predominantly forward scattering.ional to 1/''Ī»'' and is predominantly forward scattering.)
  • Volume of the solute  + (Most of the chemicals for SUIT protocol ti ā€¦ Most of the chemicals for SUIT protocol titrations are prepared by weighing the substance on the balance, transferring to a volumetric glass flask and adding solvent until the intended volume is reached. However, for practical reasons some of the chemical compounds are prepared by just adding the solvent instead of adjusting it's volume. For example, this approach is useful if the substance is very toxic. Then an arbitratry amount is taken, its mass determined on the balance without trying to reach a specific value and the necessary amount of solvent is added. Adding the solvent instead of adjusting its volume is also useful if small amounts are needed (e.g. 1 mL) or if the compound has to be prepared directly before using it like Pyruvate. In these cases the volume contributed by the solute was tested.lume contributed by the solute was tested.)
  • Carrier control titrations  + (Most of the nonpolar compounds have to be ā€¦ Most of the nonpolar compounds have to be diluted in organic solvents such as DMSO or acetonitrile in order to use them for the titrations in the SUIT protocols. However, the solvent (carrier) itself could affect the mitochondrial physiology and promote alterations that we need to take into account. For this reason, it is necessary to run in parallel to our treatment experiment a control experiment on which we will add a '''carrier control titration''' to test if it affects our sample or not.' to test if it affects our sample or not.)
  • Q  + (Multiple meanings of Q ::::Ā» [[Coenzyme Q]] Q ::::Ā» [[Charge]] ''Q'', ''Q''<sub>el</sub> ::::Ā» [[Heat]] ''Q'', ''Q''<sub>th</sub>)
  • Nigericin  + (Nigericin is a H<sup>+</sup>/K ā€¦ Nigericin is a H<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> antiporter, which allows the electroneutral transport of these two ions in opposite directions across the mitochondrial inner membrane following the K<sup>+</sup> concentration gradient. In the presence of K<sup>+</sup>, nigericin decreases pH in the mitchondrial matrix, thus, almost fully collapses the transmembrane Ī”pH, which leads to the compensatory increase of the electric [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]]. Therefore, it is ideal to use to dissect the two components of the [[Protonmotive force|protonmotive force]], Ī”pH and [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]]. It is recommended to use the lowest possible concentration of nigericin, which creates a maximal mitochondrial hyperpolarization. In the study of [[Komlodi 2018 J Bioenerg Biomembr]], 20 nM was applied on brain mitochondria isolated from guinea-pigs using 5 mM [[Succinate|succinate]] in the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK state]] which caused maximum hyperpolarisation, but did not fully dissipate the transmembrane Ī”pH. Other groups (Selivanov et al 2008; Lambert et al 2004), however, used 100 nM nigericin, which in their hands fully collapsed transmembrane Ī”pH using succinate as a respiratory substrate on isolated rat brain and skeletal muscle in the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK state]].AK respiration|LEAK state]].)
  • Viruses and mitochondrial medicine  + (Not enough is known about '''viruses and mitochondrial medicine''', although several studies point towards a link between viral infection and mitochondrial dysfunction using high-resolution respirometry, with potential impact on drug development.)
  • Nuclear receptors  + (Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors.)
  • Equivalence  + (Numerical '''equivalence''' (symbol ā‰”) indicates that two quantities are numerically equal, even if the full meaning may be different. For instance: 1 ā‰” 1Ā·1 and 1 ā‰” 1/1. In contrast to ā‰”, the symbol = indicates physicochemical [[equality]].)
  • O2k-Virtual Support  + (O2k-Virtual support includes 8 individual ā€¦ O2k-Virtual support includes 8 individual hours. Via a live video link, Oroboros experts guide you step-by-step on topics of your choice, such as O2k instrumental setup and service of the polarographic oxygen sensors (POS) for instrumental quality control, an essential component of HRR. This offers the opportunity to analyze and discuss your experimental [[DatLab]] files obtained with your O2k with the bioenergetics experts of Oroboros. It offers flexibility to participants and gives the option to choose virtual sessions that best fit individual needs.l sessions that best fit individual needs.)
  • BME cutoff points  + (Obesity is defined as a disease associated ā€¦ Obesity is defined as a disease associated with an excess of body fat with respect to a healthy reference condition. Cutoff points for [[body mass excess]], '''BME cutoff points''', define the critical values for underweight (-0.1 and -0.2), overweight (0.2), and various degrees of obesity (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and above). BME cutoffs are calibrated by crossover-points of BME with established BMI cutoffs.oints of BME with established BMI cutoffs.)
  • Creative Commons Attribution License  + (Open Access preprints (not peer-reviewed) ā€¦ Open Access preprints (not peer-reviewed) and articles (peer-reviewed) distributed under the terms of the '''Creative Commons Attribution License''' allow unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. Ā© remains with the authors, who have granted the publisher license in perpetuity.anted the publisher license in perpetuity.)
  • Open DLD file  + (Open a previously recorded [[DatLab]] file.)
  • Internationale Gesellschaft fuer Regenerative Mitochondrien-Medizin  + (Organizer of * [http://bioblast.at/index. ā€¦ Organizer of </br>* [http://bioblast.at/index.php/Klinische_MitochondrienMedizin_und_Umweltmedizin_2015 Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2015]</br>* [http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/Klinische_MitochondrienMedizin_und_Umweltmedizin_2016_Heidelberg_DE Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2016]</br>* [http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/Klinische_Mitochondrienmedizin_und_Umweltmedizin_2017_Heidelberg_DE Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2017]</br>* [[Clinical Mitochondria- and Environmental Medicine 2018 Heidelberg DE|Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2018]][[Clinical Mitochondria- and Environmental Medicine 2018 Heidelberg DE|Klinische MitochondrienMedizin und Umweltmedizin 2018]])
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex  + (Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is catalyzed by the '''pyruvate dehydrogenase complex''' in the mt-matrix, and yields acetyl-CoA.)
  • P/O ratio  + (P/O ratio stands for phosphate to atomic oxygen ratio, where P indicates phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (or GDP to GTP).)
  • Equality  + (Physicochemical '''equality''' (symbol =) indicates in an equation not only numerical [[equivalence]] (symbol ā‰”), but an identity of the full meaning.)
  • Intracellular oxygen  + (Physiological, '''intracellular oxygen pressure''' is significantly lower than air saturation under normoxia, hence respiratory measurements carried out at air saturation are effectively hyperoxic for cultured cells and isolated mitochondria.)
  • RT  + (RT indicates '''room temperature''' or 25 Ā°C. ''RT'' is the [[gas constant]] ''R'' [kJ/mol] multiplied by absolute [[temperature]] ''T'' [K]. This is the motive force quantum in the amount format ([[Gnaiger 2020 BEC MitoPathways]]).)
  • Warburg effect  + (Recently, controversies had a renaissance ā€¦ Recently, controversies had a renaissance on the much neglected Crabtree effect (aerobic glycolysis in a large range of cells exposed to glucose or fructose, with fully functional mitochondria; Crabtree 1929; Gnaiger and Kemp 1990) versus the '''Warburg effect''' (loss of mitochondrial function inducing cancer and stimulating compensatory aerobic glycolysis in the presence of oxygen; Warburg 1956; see list of references for reviews). Today it is widely accepted that ā€˜''the Warburg effect is not consistent across all cancer types''ā€™ (Potter et al 2016) and reprogramming of mitochondrial energy metabolism represents a functional adjustment of cancer cells (Schƶpf et al 2020).tment of cancer cells (Schƶpf et al 2020).)
  • NADH fluorescence  + (Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ([[NADH]]) is amongst the [[intrinsic fluorophores]] and can be used as an intracellular indicator of hypoxia. The excitation wavelength is 340 nm and emission is at 460 nm.)
  • 2-Hydroxyglutarate  + (Reduction of [[oxoglutarate]] ā€¦ Reduction of [[oxoglutarate]] (2OG or alpha-ketoglutarate) to '''2-hydroxyglutarate''' (2HG) is driven by NADPH. 2HG is also formed in side reactions of [[lactate dehydrogenase]] and [[malate dehydrogenase]]. Millimolar 2HG concentrations are found in some cancer cells compared to , whereas side activities of lactate and malate dehydrogenase form submillimolar s-2-hydroxyglutarate (s-2HG). However, even wild-type IDH1 and IDH2, notably under shifts toward reductive carboxylation glutaminolysis or changes in other enzymes, lead to ā€œintermediateā€ 0.01ā€“0.1ā€‰mM 2HG levels, for example, in breast carcinoma compared with nanomolar concentrations in benign cells. 2HG is considered an important player in reprogramming metabolism of cancer cells. reprogramming metabolism of cancer cells.)
  • Publicly deposited protocols  + (Researchers need to be introduced into adh ā€¦ Researchers need to be introduced into adhering to '''publicly deposited protocols'''. [[Prespecified protocols |Prespecified]] and [[time-stamped protocols]] that are publicly deposited may help to save Millions of Euros that may otherwise be wasted on research that is lacking coherent standards.search that is lacking coherent standards.)
  • Oxygen flow  + (Respiratory '''oxygen flow''' is the oxyge ā€¦ Respiratory '''oxygen flow''' is the oxygen consumption per total [[system]], which is an [[extensive quantity]]. [[Flow]] is advancement of a transformation in a system per time [molĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>], when 'system' is defined as the experimental system (e.g. an open or closed chamber). Flow is distinguished from the size-specific quantity [[flux]] obtained by normalization of flow per volume of the experimental system [molĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>Ā·m<sup>-3</sup>]. An experimental object, e.g. a living cell, may be considered as the 'experimental system'. Then oxygen flow per cell has the unit [molĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>Ā·x<sup>-1</sup>], where [x] is the [[elementary unit]] for a [[count]]. Oxygen flow or respiration per cell [amolĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>Ā·x<sup>-1</sup>] = [pmolĀ·s<sup>-1</sup>Ā·Mx<sup>-1</sup>] is normalized for the cell count, distinguished from [[oxygen flux]] (e.g. per mg protein or wet mass). These are different forms of [[normalization of rate]].zation of rate]].)
  • Reverse electron flow from CII to CI  + (Reverse electron flow from CII to CI stimu ā€¦ Reverse electron flow from CII to CI stimulates production of [[ROS]] when mitochondria are incubated with succinate without rotenone in the LEAK state at a high [[mt-membrane potential]]. Depolarisation of the mt-membrane potential (''e.g.'' after ADP addition to stimulate OXPHOS) leads to inhibition of RET and therefore, decrease of RET-initiated ROS production. RET can be also measured when mitochondria are respiring using [[Glycerophosphate |Gp]] without rotenone in the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state. Addition of I<sub>Q</sub>-side inhibitors (ubiquinone-binding side of CI) of [[Complex I |CI]] usually block RET. The following SUIT protocols allow you to measure RET-initiated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> flux in [[mitochondrial preparations]]: [[SUIT-009]] and [[SUIT-026]].[[SUIT-026]].)
  • Rhodamine 123  + (Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] ā€¦ Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] and can be used as a probe to determine changes in [[Mitochondrial_membrane_potential|mitochondrial membrane potential]]. Rh123 is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated by mitochondria in proportion to Ī”''Ļˆ''<sub>mt</sub>. Using ethanol as the solvent, the excitation maximum is 511 nm and the emission maximum is 534 nm. The recommended excitation and emission wavelengths in PBS are 488 and 515-575 nm, respectively (Sigma-Aldrich). are 488 and 515-575 nm, respectively (Sigma-Aldrich).)
  • Bioblasts  + (Richard Altmann (1894) defined the 'elemen ā€¦ Richard Altmann (1894) defined the 'elementary organisms' as '''Bioblasts'''. He observed granula in cells stained with osmium and viewed ā€˜the protoplasm as a colony of bioblastsā€™. "Microorganisms and granula are at an equivalent level and represent elementary organisms, which are found wherever living forces are acting, thus we want to describe them by the common term bioblasts. In the bioblast, that morphological unit of living matter appears to be found." [[Altmann 1894 Verlag Von Veit & Comp|Altmann 1894]]; p. 141. </br></br>Altmann is thus considered as the discoverer of [[mitochondria]] (the granula), which constitute together with the microorganisms the ''bioblasts'' (the elementary organisms). Bioblasts are the aliens with permanent residence in our cells ([[Bioblasts#Bioblasts_.E2.80.93_the_aliens_with_permanent_residence_in_our_cells|Gnaiger 2010]]).oblasts#Bioblasts_.E2.80.93_the_aliens_with_permanent_residence_in_our_cells|Gnaiger 2010]]).)
  • Zenodo  + (Science Europe: "Zenodo is an open source ā€¦ Science Europe: "Zenodo is an open source and free repository for storing data, code, materials, and any research artefact. It was created by CERN and launched within the frame of the OpenAIRE project, commissioned by the European Commission. It aims at fostering free and easy access to scientific results, scientific data, software, and publications to all researchers."are, and publications to all researchers.")
  • ASAPbio  + (Science only progresses as quickly and eff ā€¦ Science only progresses as quickly and efficiently as it is shared. But even with all of the technological capabilities available today, the process of publishing scientific work is taking longer than ever. '''ASAPbio''' (Accelerating Science and Publication in biology) is a scientist-driven nonprofit working to address this problem by promoting innovation and transparency in life sciences communication.</br>In 2015, ASAPbio founder Ron Vale published an analysis of the increasing time to first-author publication among graduate students at UCSF, and proposed a more widespread use of preprints in the life sciences as a potential solution.the life sciences as a potential solution.)
  • Substrate control state  + (See '''[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]''')
  • ET-pathway substrate types  + (See '''[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]''')
  • Physiological pathway-control state  + (See [[Electron-transfer-pathway state]].)
  • Fluorescent marker  + (See [[Extrinsic fluorophores]])
  • Delete points  + (Select '''Delete points''' in the [[Marks - DatLab |Mark information]] window to remove all data points in the marked section of the active plot. See also [[Interpolate points]] and [[Restore points]] or [[Recalculate slope]].)
  • Interpolate points  + (Select '''Interpolate points''' in the [[Marks - DatLab |Mark information]] window to interpolate all data points in the marked section of the active graph. See also [[Delete points]] and [[Restore points]] or [[Recalculate slope]].)
  • Mouse control: Zoom  + (Select '''Mouse Control: Zoom''' in the Graph-menu or press [Ctrl+Z].)
  • Recalculate slope  + (Select '''Recalculate slope''' (Recalc. sl ā€¦ Select '''Recalculate slope''' (Recalc. slope) in the [[Marks - DatLab |Mark information]] window to restore data points in the marked section of the active Flux / Slope plot, if [[Delete points]] or [[Interpolate points]] was used before. The entire plot is recalculated, such that other marked sections which may have been deleted are also restored. Compare [[Restore points]].[[Restore points]].)
  • Restore points  + (Select '''Restore points''' in the [[Marks - DatLab |Mark information]] window to restore data points in the marked section of the active signal plot, if [[Delete points]] or [[Interpolate points]] was used before. Compare [[Recalculate slope]].)
  • Manage setups and templates - DatLab  + (Setups and templates in DatLab can be renamed or deleted under '''Manage setups''' or '''Manage templates'''.)
  • Graph options - DatLab  + (Several display options can be applied to a DatLab graph under '''Graph options'''.)
  • Comma for separating a term and its abbreviation  + (Should we used a '''comma for separating a ā€¦ Should we used a '''comma for separating a term and its abbreviation''' in the text? The SI Brochure frequently does not use a comma. The comma might be added, if it helps to clarify the distinction between the term and its abbreviation. The example ā€œreduced Q fraction, ''Q''<sub>r</sub>ā€ ā€“ the sequence of Q and ''Q''<sub>r</sub> may be confusing without comma. There will always be examples, where it is not clear, if a comma is needed.l always be examples, where it is not clear, if a comma is needed.)
  • Multicomponent analysis  + (Similarly to the [[least squares method]] ā€¦ Similarly to the [[least squares method]], '''multicomponent analysis''' makes use of all of the data points of the spectrum in order to analyse the concentration of the component parts of a measured spectrum. To do this, two or more reference spectra are combined using iterative statistical techniques in order to achieve the best fit with the measured spectrum.e the best fit with the measured spectrum.)
  • Holode  + (Small entetic units are counted into the reference system on a balance opposite to the experimental system with the large sample, which in balance contains as many abstract units as the count of entetic units in the reference system.)
  • Sodium phosphate buffer  + (Sodium phosphate buffer, '''Na-PB''', for [[HRR]] with freeze-dried bakerĀ“s yeast.)
  • Spline  + (Some [[spectrofluorometer]] ā€¦ Some [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]] software offers the possibility of '''spline''' interpolation of the spectral data points. This makes use of a polynomial (the number of '''spline''' points is entered by the user) to interpolate the curve between the data points.rpolate the curve between the data points.)
  • Mitochondrial density  + (Specific '''mitochondrial density''' is '' ā€¦ Specific '''mitochondrial density''' is ''D<sub>mtE</sub>'' = ''mtE''Ā·''m<sub>X</sub>''<sup>-1</sup> [mtEUĀ·kg<sup>-1</sup>]. If the amount of mitochondria, ''mtE'', is expressed as mitochondrial mass, then ''D<sub>mtE</sub>'' is the mass fraction of mitochondria in the sample. If ''mtE'' is expressed as mitochondrial volume, ''V''<sub>mt</sub>, and the mass of sample, ''m<sub>X</sub>'', is replaced by volume of sample, ''V<sub>X</sub>'', then ''D<sub>mtE</sub>'' is the volume fraction of mitochondria in the sample.eplaced by volume of sample, ''V<sub>X</sub>'', then ''D<sub>mtE</sub>'' is the volume fraction of mitochondria in the sample.)
  • Resolution  + (Spectral resolution is a measure of the ab ā€¦ Spectral resolution is a measure of the ability of an instrument to differentiate between two adjacent wavelengths. Two wavelengths are normally considered to be resolved if the minimum detector output signal (trough) between the two peaks is lower than 80 % of the maximum. The resolution of a [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]] is dependent on its [[bandwidth]].[[bandwidth]].)
  • Custom-made stoppers  + (Stoppers can be custom-made for applications with user-specific sensors according to customer specifications.)
  • Tartronic acid  + (Tartronic acid (hydroxymalonic acid, C3H4O5; molecular weight 120.06) is an inhibitor of [[malic enzyme]].)
  • Taurine  + (Taurine, or 2-Aminoethan sulfonic acid, is ā€¦ Taurine, or 2-Aminoethan sulfonic acid, is one of the most abundant low-molecular-weight organic constituents in animals and humans. It has a multitude of functions in different types of tissue, one of which is the stabilization of membranes. Because of this and its antioxidative effect, taurine is a component of the respiration media MiR05 and MiR06 to preserve mitochondrial function. MiR06 to preserve mitochondrial function.)
  • Chinese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine  + (The '''Chinese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (Chinese-Mit) is a member of [[Asian Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine|ASMRM]].)
  • Crabtree effect  + (The '''Crabtree effect''' describes the ob ā€¦ The '''Crabtree effect''' describes the observation that respiration is frequently inhibited when high concentrations of glucose or fructose are added to the culture medium - a phenomenon observed in numerous cell types, particularly in proliferating cells, not only tumor cells but also bacteria and yeast. The Pasteur effect (suppression of glycolysis by oxygen) is the converse of the Crabtree effect (suppression of respiration by high concentration of glucose or fructose).igh concentration of glucose or fructose).)
  • Default label  + (The '''Default label''' is the system default value for the axis label. These labels are changed automatically, according to the selected channel and unit. To change this label enter a [[Custom label]].)
  • Directory of Open Access Journals  + (The '''Directory of Open Access Journals''' is a free online directory that indexes and provides access to open access peer-reviewed journals.)
  • Exclusion criteria  + (The '''Exclusion criteria''' include factors or characteristics that make the recruited population ineligible for the outcome parameter. With the [[Inclusion criteria]], this factor must be a cofounder for the outcome parameter)
  • Faraday constant  + (The '''Faraday constant''' ''F'' links the ā€¦ The '''Faraday constant''' ''F'' links the electric charge [C] to amount [mol], and thus relates the [[electrical format]] <u>''e''</u> [C] to the [[molar format]] <u>''n''</u> [mol]. The Farady constant, ''F'' = ''e''Ā·''N''<sub>A</sub> = 96 485.33 C/mol, is the product of [[elementary charge]], ''e'' = 1.602176634āˆ™10<sup>-19</sup> C/x, and the [[Avogadro constant]], ''N''<sub>A</sub> = 6.02214076āˆ™10<sup>23</sup> x/mol. The dimensionless unit [x] is not explicitely considered by IUPAC.= 6.02214076āˆ™10<sup>23</sup> x/mol. The dimensionless unit [x] is not explicitely considered by IUPAC.)
  • Inclusion criteria  + (The '''Inclusion criteria''' are based on ā€¦ The '''Inclusion criteria''' are based on key features of the target population that the researchers will use to answer their question. These criteria should identify the study population in a consistent, reliable, uniform, and objective manner. With the [[Exclusion criteria]], this factor must be a cofounder for the outcome parametert be a cofounder for the outcome parameter)
  • International Standard Serial Number  + (The '''International Standard Serial Numbe ā€¦ The '''International Standard Serial Number''', ISSN, is a code used to identify periodical publications, independent of which media are used (print and/or electronic). - [[Bioenergetics Communications]], BEC: [https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2791-4690 ISSN 2791-4690]rg/resource/ISSN/2791-4690 ISSN 2791-4690])
  • International System of Units  + (The '''International System of Units''' (S ā€¦ The '''International System of Units''' (SI) is the modern form of the metric system of [[unit]]s for use in all aspects of life, including international trade, manufacturing, security, health and safety, protection of the environment, and in the basic science that underpins all of these. The system of quantities underlying the SI and the equations relating them are based on the present description of nature and are familiar to all scientists, technologists and engineers. </br></br>The definition of the SI units is established in terms of a set of seven defining constants. The complete system of units can be derived from the fixed values of these defining constants, expressed in the units of the SI. These seven defining constants are the most fundamental feature of the definition of the entire system of units. These particular constants were chosen after having been identified as being the best choice, taking into account the previous definition of the SI, which was based on seven base units, and progress in science (p. 125).e units, and progress in science (p. 125).)
  • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC  + (The '''International Union of Pure and App ā€¦ The '''International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry''' (IUPAC) celebrated in 2019 the 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary, which coincided with the [https://iupac.org/united-nations-proclaims-international-year-periodic-table-chemical-elements/ International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT 2019)]. IUPAC {''Quote''} notes that marking Mendeleev's achievement will show how the periodic table is central to connecting cultural, economic, and political dimensions of global society ā€œthrough a common languageā€ {''end of Quote''} (Horton 2019). 2019 is proclaimed as the [https://iupac.org/united-nations-proclaims-international-year-periodic-table-chemical-elements/ International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT 2019)]. For a '''common language''' in mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics, the IUPAC ''Green book'' (Cohen et al 2008) is a most valuable resource, which unfortunately is largely neglected in bioenergetics textbooks. Integration of [[ergodynamics |open systems and non-equilibrium thermodynamic]] approaches remains a challenge for developing a common language (Gnaiger 1993; [[BEC 2020.1]]).C 2020.1]]).)
  • Korean Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine  + (The '''Korean Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (KSMRM) is a member of [[Asian Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine|ASMRM]].)
  • MitoFit DOI Data Center  + (The '''MitoFit DOI Data Center''' is respo ā€¦ The '''MitoFit DOI Data Center''' is responsible for the provision of digital identifiers, for the storage and ensuring the persistence of the scientific objects, the provision of access, review process and maintenance of the Metadata, and quality control.ance of the Metadata, and quality control.)
  • Mitochondrial Physiology Network  + (The '''Mitochondrial Physiology Network''' is the on-line Oroboros journal.)
  • N/NS pathway control ratio  + (The '''N/NS [[pathway control ratio]] ā€¦ The '''N/NS [[pathway control ratio]]''' is obtained when succinate is added to N-linked respiration in a defined coupling state. N and NS are abbreviations for respiration in the [[N-pathway control state]] (with pyruvate, glutamate, malate, or other ETS competent N-linked substrate combinations) and the [[NS-pathway control state]] (N in combination with succinate). NS indicates respiration with a cocktail of substrates supporting the N- and S-pathways.bstrates supporting the N- and S-pathways.)
  • N/S pathway control ratio  + (The '''N/S [[pathway control ratio]] ā€¦ The '''N/S [[pathway control ratio]]''' is obtained from SUIT protocols when the [[N-pathway control state |N-pathway flux]] and [[S-pathway control state |S-pathway flux]] are measured in the same [[coupling control state]]. The N/S pathway control ratio may be larger or smaller than 1.0, depending on the mitochondrial source and various mitochondrial injuries. The S-pathway control state may be selected preferentially as reference state, if mitochondria are studied with respect to N-pathway injuries.tudied with respect to N-pathway injuries.)
  • NS-N pathway control efficiency  + (The '''NS-N [[pathway control efficiency]]''', ''j''<sub>NS-N</sub> = 1-N/NS, expresses the fractional change of flux when succinate is added to the [[N-pathway control state]] in a defined [[coupling-control state]].)
  • NS-S pathway control efficiency  + (The '''NS-S pathway control efficiency''' ā€¦ The '''NS-S pathway control efficiency''' expresses the relative stimulation of succinate supported respiration (S) by NADH-linked substrates (N), with the [[S-pathway control state]] as the [[background state]] and the [[NS-pathway control state]] as the [[reference state]]. In typical [[SUIT protocol]]s with [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |type N and S substrates]], flux in the [[NS-pathway control state]] NS is inhibited by [[rotenone]] to measure flux in the [[S-pathway control state]], S(Rot) or S. Then the NS-S pathway control efficiency in the ET-coupling state is</br> ''j''<sub>(NS-S)''<sub>E</sub>''</sub> = (NS''<sub>E</sub>''-S''<sub>E</sub>'')/NS''<sub>E</sub>''</br>The NS-S pathway control efficiency expresses the fractional change of flux in a defined [[coupling-control state]] when inhibition by [[rotenone]] is removed from flux under S-pathway control in the presence of a type N substrate combination. Experimentally rotenone Rot is added to the NS-state. The reversed protocol, adding N-substrates to a S-pathway control background does not provide a valid estimation of S-respiration with succinate in the absence of Rot, since [[oxaloacetate]] accumulates as a potent inhibitor of [[succinate dehydrogenase]] CII.[[succinate dehydrogenase]] CII.)
  • O2k signal line  + (The '''O2k signal line''' is underneath th ā€¦ The '''O2k signal line''' is underneath the [[O2k status line]]. It shows, depending on the [[O2k series]], on the left side the O2k number, the time of the experiment, the oxygen raw signal of each chamber, the [[block temperature]], the [[barometric pressure]], the Peltier power, the recorded amperometric and potentiometric raw signal, the enviromental (room) temperature and the signal from internal sensors recording the humidity and temperature of the electronics. On the right side of the O2k signal line the current [[User code - DatLab|user]], the DatLab version and the [[O2k serial number]] are displayed.[[O2k serial number]] are displayed.)
  • O2k-Accessory Box  + (The '''O2k-Accessory Box''' contains components of the [[POS-Service Kit]] and the [[O2k-Assembly Kit]] and is shipped with the O2k.)
  • O2k-Assembly Kit  + (The '''O2k-Assembly Kit''' is a component ā€¦ The '''O2k-Assembly Kit''' is a component of the [[Oroboros O2k]], consisting of 2 [[Stirrer-Bar\white PVDF\15x6 mm|PVDF Stirrer-Bars]], 2 [[PEEK]] O2k-Stoppers, [[OroboPOS-Connector]]s for O2k-series A-I and NextGen-O2k series XA (attached to the [[O2k-Main Unit]]) and cables (power supply, USB-connection). Several components of the O2k-Assembly Kit are included in the [[O2k-Accessory Box]] either for shipment or for storage.[[O2k-Accessory Box]] either for shipment or for storage.)
  • O2k-Fluo Smart-Module  + (The '''O2k-Fluo Smart-Module''' is an ampe ā€¦ The '''O2k-Fluo Smart-Module''' is an amperometric add-on module to the [[Startup_O2k-Respirometer| O2k-Respirometer]], adding a new dimension to high-resolution respirometry. Optical sensors are inserted through the front window of the O2k-glass chambers, for measurement of hydrogen peroxide production (AmplexĀ® UltraRed), ATP production (Magnesium Greenā„¢), mt-membrane potential (Safranin, TMRM), Ca<sup>2+</sup> (Calcium Greenā„¢), and numerous other applications open for O2k-user innovation. </br></br>::: Ā» [[MiPNet28.09 O2k-Fluo Smart-Module manual]]et28.09 O2k-Fluo Smart-Module manual]])
  • O2k-Main Basic  + (The '''O2k-Main Basic''' is an integral el ā€¦ The '''O2k-Main Basic''' is an integral element of the [[O2k-Main Unit]]. The Oroboros O2k Main Basic has the following components:</br>*Stainless-Steel Housing</br>*Switching power supply</br>*Microprocessor for integrated control, A/D converters and data handling</br>*Copper-Block with windows to 2 O2k-Chambers</br>*2 Amperometric OroboPOS Plugs</br>*TIP2k socket, providing the basis for add-on of the [[TIP2k]]</br>*2 Potentiometric Plugs for ion sensitive electrodes (ISE: TPP+, Ca2+; pH), providing the basis for add-on of the [[O2k-MultiSensor]] Modules</br>*2 Amperometric Plugs, providing the basis for add-on of the [[O2k-Fluo LED2-Module]] or NO (H<sub>2</sub>S) sensors.</br>*USB-Port for connection with DatLab (PC or laptop not included)for connection with DatLab (PC or laptop not included))
  • O2k-Main Unit  + (The '''O2k-Main Unit''' is a component of ā€¦ The '''O2k-Main Unit''' is a component of the [[O2k-Core]]. The O2k-Main Unit consists of functionally defined, integral elements, the ([[O2k-Main Basic]], [[O2k-Peltier Temperature Control]], two [[O2k-Electromagnetic Stirrer Twin-Control]] units, two [[O2k-Amperometric OroboPOS Twin-Channel]]s, [[O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer]]), which cannot be obtained separately.[[O2k-Barometric Pressure Transducer]]), which cannot be obtained separately.)