Search by property

This page provides a simple browsing interface for finding entities described by a property and a named value. Other available search interfaces include the page property search, and the ask query builder.

List of results

• T-Shirt: Oroboros black/organic cotton  + ('''T-Shirt Oroboros black/organic cotton''': An Oroboros on the front.)
• TIP2k and O2k-upgrade\B  + ('''TIP2k and O2k-Upgrade\B''': Titration-Injection microPump TIP2k, including the electronic upgrade of the O2k-main unit returned to workshop (Series B-D). '''Discontinued''')
• TIP2k cooling box  + ('''TIP2k-Cooling Box''': Cooling box for TIP2k syringes. '''Discontinued''')
• TIP2k-Needle Safety Support  + ('''TIP2k-Needle Safety Support''': for safe storage of TIP2k-needles when not required during the experiment. This item is a standard component of the [[TIP2k-Module]].)
• TMRM  + ('''TMRM''' (tetramethylrhodamine methyl es … '''TMRM''' (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester) is an [[extrinsic fluorophores|extrinsic fluorophore]] used as a probe to determine changes in [[Mitochondrial_membrane_potential|mitochondrial membrane potential]]. TMRM is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix in proportion to Δ''ψ''_mt. Upon accumulation of the dye it exhibits a red shift in its absorption and fluorescence emission spectrum. The fluorescence intensity is quenched when the dye is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix.en the dye is accumulated in the mitochondrial matrix.)
• Tetrahydrofolate  + ('''Tetrahydrofolate''', THF, is the substrate in mitochondrial folate-mediated 1C metabolism, an [[NADH-linked pathway]] leading to the formation of formate which is exported to the cytosol.)
• Tetraphenylphosphonium  + ('''Tetraphenylphosphonium''' (TPP⁺). A lipophilic molecular probe in conjunction with an ion selective electrode (ISE) for [[Mitochondrial membrane potential | measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential]].)
• Thenoyltrifluoroacetone  + ('''Thenoyltrifluoroacetone''' TTFA is a noncompetitive inhibitor of CII binding on the quinone-binding (SDHC/SDHD).)
• Thioredoxin reductase  + ('''Thioredoxin reductase''' (TrxR) is a family of enzymes able to reduce thioredoxin in mammals.)
• Time resolution  + ('''Time resolution''' in respirometric measurements is influenced by three parameters: the [[response time of the POS]], the data sampling interval and the number of points used for flux calculation.)
• Traceability  + ('''Traceability''' is the property of the … '''Traceability''' is the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties [SOURCE: VIM:1993, definition 6.10].nties [SOURCE: VIM:1993, definition 6.10].)
• Trueness of measurement  + ('''Trueness of measurement''' is the close … '''Trueness of measurement''' is the closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of results of measurements and a true value (adapted from ISO 3534-1:1993, definition 3.12). The degree of trueness is usually expressed numerically by the statistical measure bias that is inversely related to trueness and is the difference between the expectation of the results of measurement and a true value of the [[measurand]].[[measurand]].)
• Trueness  + ('''Trueness''' is understood as the lack of [[bias]] and the instrument calibration procedures are the key factor on establishing and correcting it.)
• USB-RS232 Serial Adapter  + ('''USB-RS232 Serial Adapter''', for connec … '''USB-RS232 Serial Adapter''', for connecting the [[RS232-Cable]] attached to the [[O2k-Main Unit]] (Series A-D) to the USB port of the PC or laptop. This is not required for O2k-Series E, nor when using a PC or laptop with a serial RS232 port. '''Discontinued'''th a serial RS232 port. '''Discontinued''')
• Uncertainty of measurement  + ('''Uncertainty of measurement''' is a para … '''Uncertainty of measurement''' is a parameter, associated with the result of a [[measurement]], that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the [[measurand]]. The parameter can be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated level of confidence. The components of uncertainty are evaluated experimentally from statistical distributions (Type A) or evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information (Type B). All components are expressed as standard uncertainties that are combined into one final expression.at are combined into one final expression.)
• Uncoupling protein 1  + ('''Uncoupling protein 1''' (UCP1) is also … '''Uncoupling protein 1''' (UCP1) is also called thermogenin and is predominantly found in brown adipose tissue (BAT). UCP1 belongs to the gene family of [[uncoupling proteins]]. It is vital for the maintenance of body temperature, especially for small mammals. As the essential component of non-shivering thermogenesis, it possesses the ability to build and open a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane through which protons may flow along their electrochemical gradient, generated by respiration, bypassing the ATP-producing re-entry site at the F1F0-ATP synthase. Thereby the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is dissipated as heat.rochemical gradient is dissipated as heat.)
• Uncoupling protein 2  + ('''Uncoupling protein 2''' (UCP2) belongs to the gene family of [[uncoupling proteins]]. Whereas [[Uncoupling protein 1 |UCP1]] acts as an [[uncoupler]], this may not be the case for UCP2.)
• Uncoupling proteins  + ('''Uncoupling proteins''' (UCPs) are mitoc … '''Uncoupling proteins''' (UCPs) are mitochondrial anion carrier proteins that can be found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of animals and plants. [[Uncoupling protein 1 |UCP1]] acts as an [[uncoupler]] by dissipating the electrochemical proton gradient ([[mitochondrial membrane potential]]), generated by the [[electron transfer pathway]] by pumping protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. to the mitochondrial intermembrane space.)
• Units in figures and tables  + ('''Units in figures and tables''' are spec … '''Units in figures and tables''' are specified together with the numerical values. The ''value'' of a quantity ''Q'' is the product of a [[number]] ''N'' and a [[unit]] ''u''_''Q''. Abstract units ''u''_''Q'' (such as dm³=L, kg, J) are linked to measured quantities (such as volume, mass, energy): </br> Eq.(1) ''Q''_''u'' = ''N''·''u''_''Q''</br></br>The multiplication in Eq.(1) can be handled like any mathematical equation and re-arranged to the form which indicates the meaning (left) of a number (right): </br> Eq.(2a) ''Q''_''u''/''u''_''Q'' = ''N''</br> Eq.(2b) ''N''_''X''/x = ''N''</br></br>When numbers are given on the axes of figures and in tables, the corresponding labels should be indicated according to Eq.(2), where Eq.(2a) applies to measured quantities, whereas Eq.(2b) relates to the countable quantity, i.e. [[count]] with unit [x]. For example, the axis label for volume-specific oxygen flux may be written as ''J''_''V'',O₂ / [pmol/(s·mL)] and cell-count specific oxygen flow as ''I''_O₂ / [amol/(s·x)].s ''J''_''V'',O₂ / [pmol/(s·mL)] and cell-count specific oxygen flow as ''I''_O₂ / [amol/(s·x)].)
• Velocity  + ('''Velocity''', '''''v''''' [m·s<sup> … '''Velocity''', '''''v''''' [m·s^-1], is the [[speed]] in a defined spatial direction, and as such velocity is a [[vector]]. Velocity is the [[advancement]] in distance per unit time,</br> '''''v''''' ≡ d'''''z''''' ∙ d''t''^-1 [m·s^-1] d'''''z''''' ∙ d''t''^-1 [m·s^-1])
• Viable cells  + ('''Viable cells''' vce are characterized by an intact plasma membrane barrier function. The total cell count (''N''_ce) is the sum of viable cells (''N''_vce) and dead cells (''N''_dce).)
• Viton  + ('''Viton'''® is a fluoroelastomer with excellent resistance to aggressive fuels and chemicals. Viton is resistant against oxygen diffusion which makes it an ideal material for high-resolution respirometry (Viton O-rings).)
• Volume  + ('''Volume''' ''V'' is a derived quantity b … '''Volume''' ''V'' is a derived quantity based on the SI base quantity [[length]] [m] and is expressed in terms of [[SI base units]] in the derived unit cubic meter [m³]. The liter [L = dm³] is a conventional unit of volume for concentration and is used for most solution chemical kinetics. The volume ''V'' contained in a system (experimental chamber) is separated from the environment by the system boundaries; this is called the volume of the system, and described in practical language as big/small (derived from [[length]], [[height]]) or voluminous. Systems are defined at constant volume or constant [[pressure]]. For a pure sample S, the volume ''V''_S of the pure sample equals the volume ''V'' of the system, ''V''_S = ''V''. For [[sample]] s in a mixture, the ratio ''V''_s·''V''^-1 is the nondimensional [[volume fraction]] ''Φ''_s of sample s. Quantities divided by volume are [[concentration]]s of sample s in a mixture, such as [[count]] concentration ''C_X'' = ''N_X''·''V''^-1 [x·L^-1], and amount of substance concentration ''C''_B = ''n''_B·''V''^-1 [mol·L^-1]. Mass concentration is [[density]] ''ρ''_s = ''m''_s·''V''^-1 [kg·L^-1]. In closed compressible systems (with a gas phase), the concentration of the gas increases, when pressure-volume [[work]] is performed on the system.is performed on the system.)
• Wavelength averaging  + ('''Wavelength averaging''' is the averagin … '''Wavelength averaging''' is the averaging of several adjacent data points across the recorded spectrum (spectral [[smoothing]]), to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. For example, if the instrument recorded 5 data points per nm, the average of the 5 points can be taken for each successive nm across the range of the spectrum to give a 5-point smoothing. This method clearly reduces the wavelength [[resolution]].[[resolution]].)
• Work  + ('''Work''' [J] is a specific form of [[energy]] … '''Work''' [J] is a specific form of [[energy]] in the First Law of thermodynamics, and a specific form of [[exergy]] in the Second Law of thermodynamics, performed by a closed or open system on its surroundings (the environment). This is the definition of ''external'' work, which is zero in [[isolated system]]s. The term exergy includes external and internal work. Mechanical work is force [N] times path length [m]. The internal-energy change of a closed system, d''U'', is due to external exchange (e) of work and heat, and external total work (et, including pressure-volume work) is the internal-energy change minus heat,</br> d_et''W'' = d''U'' - d_e''Q''b>et</sub>''W'' = d''U'' - d_e''Q'')
• Zero calibration  + ('''Zero calibration''' is, together with [[air calibration]] … '''Zero calibration''' is, together with [[air calibration]], one of the two steps of the POS calibration. It is performed in the [[closed chamber]] after all the oxygen has been depleted by the addition of [[dithionite]] or by respiration of [[Isolated mitochondria |imt]] or [[Living cells |cells]]. Any incubation medium can be used for zero calibration with dithionite or sample. Unlike air calibration, it is not necessary to perform a zero calibration on each experimental day. After performing a zero calibration, it is recommended not running other experiments on the same day. Even after standard cleaning of the O2k-chambers, there might be residual amounts of reduced dithionite in the chamber, affecting the oxygen flux in subsequent experiments performed on the same day.ent experiments performed on the same day.)
• DatLab 2  + ('''[[DatLab]] 2''' (DL2) is a MS-DOS programe. DL2 is still used for analysis of [[oxygen kinetics]], after exporting files recorded in recent DatLab versions. A user-friendly O2-kinetics module is in preparation (DL8).)
• Substrates as electron donors  + ('''[[Substrate]] … '''[[Substrate]]s as electron donors''' are reduced fuel compounds ''S''_red that are oxidized to an oxidized product ''P''_ox during H⁺-linked electron transfer, ''S''_red → ''P''_ox + 2{H⁺ + e^-}. Mitochondrial respiration depends on a continuous flow of electron-supplying substrates across the mitochondrial membranes into the matrix space. Many substrates are strong anions that cannot permeate lipid membranes and hence require carriers.anes into the matrix space. Many substrates are strong anions that cannot permeate lipid membranes and hence require carriers.)
• Base quantities and count  + ('''[[Template:Base quantities and count]]''')
• ArXiv preprint server  + ('''arXiv''' is a classic preprint server i … '''arXiv''' is a classic preprint server initiated in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg. {''Quote''} arXiv.org is a highly-automated electronic archive and distribution server for research articles. Covered areas include physics, mathematics, computer science, nonlinear sciences, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics. arXiv is maintained and operated by Cornell University with guidance from the arXiv Scientific Advisory Board and the arXiv Member Advisory Board, and with the help of numerous subject moderators. {''end of Quote''}. arXiv rejects abstracts that are submitted without accompanying paper. are submitted without accompanying paper.)
• BioRxiv preprint server for biology  + ('''bioRxiv''' (pronounced "bio-archive") i … '''bioRxiv''' (pronounced "bio-archive") is a free online archive and distribution service for unpublished preprints in the life sciences. It was launched in 2013 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press in New York, and is operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a not-for-profit research and educational institution. By posting preprints on bioRxiv, authors are able to make their findings immediately available to the scientific community and receive feedback on draft manuscripts before they are submitted to journals. bioRxiv is intended for rapid sharing of new research. Some review articles contain new data/analyses and may therefore be deemed appropriate. Reviews that solely summarize existing knowledge are not appropriate and neither are term papers, book excerpts, and undergraduate dissertations.excerpts, and undergraduate dissertations.)
• PH calibration buffers  + ('''pH calibration buffers''' are prepared to obtain two or more defined pH values for calibration of pH electrodes and pH indicator dyes.)
• PH combination electrode 150/6 mm  + ('''pH combination electrode''', 150 mm shaft, 6 mm diameter, incl. connection cable with BNC plug. '''Discontinued''' * Replaced by [[O2k-pH ISE-Module]].)
• PH combination electrode 70/5 mm  + ('''pH-Combination Electrode\70/5 mm''', 70 mm shaft, 5 mm diameter, for 30251-24 stopper. ''' Discontinued ''' * Replaced by [[O2k-pH ISE-Module]].)
• PX calibration - DatLab  + ('''pX calibration''')
• Hydroxybutyrate  + ('''β-hydroxybutyrate''' or 3-hydroxybutyrate is a ketone body that can be used as a [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state|NADH-linked substrate]]. The β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase produces acetoacetate while reducing NAD⁺ to [[NADH]]. <br>)
• Complex I-linked substrate state  + (''See'' '''[[N-pathway control state]]''' (previous: CI-linked) versus '''[[Complex I]]''')
• CI control ratio  + (''See'' '''[[N/NS pathway control ratio]]''')
• Complex I&II-linked substrate state  + (''See'' '''[[NS-pathway control state]]''' (previous: CI<small>&</small>II-linked))
• Substrate control efficiency  + (''See'' '''[[Pathway control efficiency]]''')
• Substrate control ratio  + (''See'' '''[[Pathway control ratio]]''')
• Complex II-linked substrate state  + (''See'' '''[[S-pathway control state]] (previous: CII-linked))
• CII control ratio  + (''See'' '''[[S/NS pathway control ratio]]''')
• Group  + (''See'' '''[[population]]'''.)
• Phosphate  + (''See:'' '''[[Inorganic phosphate]]''')
• Standard operating procedures  + (''The following definition is incomplete.'' '''Standard operating procedures''' are a set of step-by-step instructions to achieve a predictable, standardized, desired result often within the context of a longer overall process.)
• Solution protocols  + (''The following definition lacks quality control and is not applied as such in the Oroboros QM.'' '''Solution protocols''' contain media, substrates, uncouplers, inhibitors used in [[SUIT|SUIT protocols]], permeabilization agents, etc.)
• Project  + (''The following definition lacks quality c … ''The following definition lacks quality control and is not applied as such in the Oroboros QM.''</br></br>A scientific project is a collection of [[experiment| experiments]] designed to proof or disproof a specific hypothesis. The [[experiment| experiments]] will follow the logic of the scientific discovery [1] on which a hypothesis will support a prediction and this will be tested by experimental [[assay| assays]] (''i.e.'', observations under controlled conditions). The result of these experiments will proof or disproof the specific hypothesis and, usually, provide new hypotheses to test. A scientific project must be carefully designed to obtain relevant statistical information through enough [[replica| data collection]].</br></br>[1] Popper K (2002) The logic of scientific discovery. Routledge Classics. ISBN: 978-0-415-27843-0outledge Classics. ISBN: 978-0-415-27843-0)
• Autoxidation  + (''This definition is insufficient and need … ''This definition is insufficient and needs elaboration.''</br></br>Autoxidation is a slow process implying oxidation of carbohydrates through oxygen in open air, leading to a primary formation of peroxides and hydroperoxides. UV radiation can speed up this process.s. UV radiation can speed up this process.)
• Cellular substrates  + ((1) Cellular substrates ''in vivo'', endogenous; '''Ce'''. (2) Cellular substrates ''in vivo'', with exogenous substrate supply from culture medium or serum; '''Cm'''. * ''This page needs an update.'')

• Natoms O  + (0.5 nmol O₂; in bioenergetics a variety of expressions is used for units of amount of half a nmol molecular oxygen (natoms oxygen; natoms O; ng.atom O; nmol O), with the identical meaning: 0.5 nmol O₂.)
• BAM15  + (2-fluorophenyl){6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino]( … 2-fluorophenyl){6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino](1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-e]pyrazin-5-yl)}amine ('''BAM15''') is a protonophore or uncoupler of [[Oxidative phosphorylation|oxidative phosphorylation]] detected in a screen for uncoupling agents exerting less toxicity than commonly used uncouplers and first described by [[Kenwood 2013 Mol Metab|Kennwood et al. 2013]]. In their comparison of BAM15 with FCCP it was shown to increase oxygen flux to a similar extent as the classical uncoupler, to display a much broader range of concentrations inducing maximum respiration, to stimulate no formation of H₂O₂, to leave cellular membrane potential unaffected, and to ultimately exert less cytotoxicity.e potential unaffected, and to ultimately exert less cytotoxicity.)
• 3-Mercaptopropionic acid  + (3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) inhibits long chain [[acyl-CoA dehydrogenase]]s (ACADs).)
• Mitochondrial states and rates - terminology beyond MitoEAGLE 2020  + (666 coauthors of the 'MitoEAGLE white paper' [1] collaborated to reach a consensus on terminology related to mitochondrial respiratory states and rates. This page is intended to prepare a questionnaire and follow-up publication.)
• Mitochondria Interest Group  + (<br/> [[File:MIG.gif|128 px|left]] … <br/> </br>[[File:MIG.gif|128 px|left]]</br>The '''Mitochondria Interest Group''' (MIG) is an Inter-Institute Interest Group at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with members worldwide! MIG is concerned with all aspects of the mitochondrion and diseases in which the mitochondrion is involved. We hold monthly meetings, usually on the second Monday of the month (except when it is a Federal holiday or other special exceptions). </br></br>[email protected] is an Email list moderated by Ph.D. Steven Zullo as an interactive information platform, with free subscritpion to this mitochondrial network. List members are reminded of their responsibility to critically evaluate the content of the postings. The information, opinions, data, and statements contained herein are not necessarily those of the U. S. Government, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), or MIG and should not be interpreted, acted on or represented as such.be interpreted, acted on or represented as such.)
• Custom label  + (A '''Custom label''' can be entered in this box to rename the axis label. Two lines are available for the axis name and unit.)
• Digital Object Identifier  + (A '''Digital Object Identifier''', DOI, is … A '''Digital Object Identifier''', DOI, is a persistent identifier used to uniquely identify online publications in order to ensure they remain traceable, searchable and citable over the long term. Compared to other types of persistent identifiers, the DOI system is widespread and well established in the life sciences arena, and it provides widely accepted visible proof that a publication is citable.sible proof that a publication is citable.)
• Layout for DatLab graphs  + (A '''Layout''' in [[DatLab]] … A '''Layout''' in [[DatLab]] selected in the Layout menu yields a standardized display of graphs and [[Plot - DatLab |plots]] displayed with specific [[Scaling - DatLab|scalings]]. The graph layout defines initial settings, which can be modified for plots [Ctrl+F6] and scaling [F6]. A modified layout can be saved as user layout without changing the standard layouts.out without changing the standard layouts.)
• Lower O2 limit - DatLab  + (A '''Lower O2 limit [µM]''' can be defined … A '''Lower O2 limit [µM]''' can be defined for each O2k-chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O₂ concentration drops below this limit. It reminds the user that re-oxygenation of the O2k-chamber may be required. For the lower O₂ concentration limit, the [[critical oxygen pressure |critical oxygen concentration]] should be considered, which differs between isolated mitochondria, large cells, and permeabilized muscle fibers. A higher limit should be chosen when high oxygen flux is expected, e.g. prior to uncoupler titration. A lower limit is acceptable prior to inhibition of respiration causing low oxygen flux.ptable prior to inhibition of respiration causing low oxygen flux.)
• National Standards Body  + (A '''National Standards Body''' is the national member of the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO).)
• Notified Body  + (A '''Notified Body''' is an organisation designated by an EU country to assess the conformity of certain products before being placed on the market.)
• Quality audit  + (A '''Quality Audit''' is the process of systematic examination of a quality system carried out by an internal or external quality auditor or an audit team.)
• Stand alone application  + (A '''Stand alone application''' is computer software that can work offline, i.e. does not necessarily require network connection to function or does not even provide the possibility to connect to a network.)
• Upper O2 limit - DatLab  + (A '''Upper O2 limit [µM]''' can be defined for each O2k-chamber, to trigger an automatic warning when the experimental O₂ concentration rises beyond this limit.)
• Web application  + (A '''Web application''' is a computer software where the [[user interface]] gets accessed by the user through a web browser.)
• Canonical ensemble  + (A '''canonical ensemble''' is the group of … A '''canonical ensemble''' is the group of compartments enclosed in an isolated system '''H''', with a smaller compartment A₁ in thermal equilibrium with a larger compartment A₂ which is the heat reservoir at temperature ''T''. When A₁ is large in the canonical sense, if its state can be described in terms of macroscopic thermodynamic quantities of ''V'', ''T'', and ''p'' merging with the state described as a probability distribution.T'', and ''p'' merging with the state described as a probability distribution.)
• Closed system  + (A '''closed system''' is a system with bou … A '''closed system''' is a system with boundaries that allow external exchange of energy (heat and work), but do not allow exchange of matter. A limiting case is light and electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of light or electric energy. If the surroundings are maintained at constant temperature, and heat exchange is rapid to prevent the generation of thermal gradients, then the closed system is isothermal. A frequently considered case are closed isothermal systems at constant pressure (and constant volume with aqueous solutions). Changes of closed systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Closed systems may be homogenous (well mixed and isothermal), continuous with gradients, or [[Discontinuous system|discontinuous]] with compartments (heterogenous).[[Discontinuous system|discontinuous]] with compartments (heterogenous).)
• Coenzyme  + (A '''coenzyme''' or cosubstrate is a [[cofactor]] … A '''coenzyme''' or cosubstrate is a [[cofactor]] that is attached loosely and transiently to an enzyme, in contrast to a [[prosthetic group]] that is attached permanently and tightly. The coenzyme is required by the corresponding enzyme for its activity (IUPAC definition). A coenzyme is 'a low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons' (IUPAC definition).l groups or electrons' (IUPAC definition).)
• Cofactor  + (A '''cofactor''' is 'an organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely ([[coenzyme]]) or tightly ([[prosthetic group]])' (IUPAC definition).)
• Coupling-control protocol  + (A '''coupling-control protocol CCP''' indu … A '''coupling-control protocol CCP''' induces different [[coupling control state]]s at a constant [[electron-transfer-pathway state]]. [[Residual oxygen consumption]] (''Rox'') is finally evaluated for ''Rox'' correction of flux. The CCP may be extended, when further respiratory states (e.g. cell viability test; CIV assay) are added to the coupling control module consisting of three coupling control states. The term '''phosphorylation control protocol''', PCP, has been introduced synonymous for CCP.</br>» [[Coupling_control_protocol#From_PCP_to_CCP |'''MiPNet article''']][Coupling_control_protocol#From_PCP_to_CCP |'''MiPNet article''']])
• Dataset  + (A '''dataset''' is a collection of data. In the context of databases a dataset represents the collection of entries in a database-table. In this table columns represent [[Attribute|attributes]] and rows display the according values of the entries.)
• Decimal marker and spaces between groups of numerals  + (A '''decimal marker''' is used to separate … A '''decimal marker''' is used to separate the integral part of numbers from the decimal part. The SI recommends: "the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line". In English language versions, the dot (point on the line) should be used uniquely as the decimal marker. To avoid ambiguities, BEC follows the SI recommendation that “Numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups” (pages 183-184).he spaces between groups” (pages 183-184).)
• Detector  + (A '''detector''' is a device that converts … A '''detector''' is a device that converts the light falling upon it into a current or voltage that is proportional to the light intensity. The most common devices in current use for [[fluorometry]] and [[spectrophotometry]] are [[photodiodes]] and [[photodiode arrays]].[[photodiode arrays]].)
• Difference spectrum  + (A '''difference spectrum''' is an [[absorbance spectrum]] … A '''difference spectrum''' is an [[absorbance spectrum]] obtained by subtracting that of one substance from that of another. For example, a '''difference spectrum''' may be plotted of the [[absorbance spectrum]] obtain ed from reduced [[cytochrome c]] and subtracting the [[absorbance spectrum]] from the same concentration of [[cytochrome c]] in its oxidised state. The [[difference spectrum]] may be used to quantify the amount to which the [[cytochrome c]] is reduced. This can be achieved with the aid of a [[reference spectrum]] (or spectra) and the [[least squares method]].[[least squares method]].)
• Directive  + (A '''directive''' is a legal act of the European Union, which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result.)
• Dispersion devices  + (A '''dispersion device''' diffracts light … A '''dispersion device''' diffracts light at different angles according to its wavelength. Traditionally, prisms and [[diffraction gratings]] are used, the latter now being the most commonly used device in a [[spectrofluorometer]] or [[spectrophotometer]].[[spectrophotometer]].)
• Fluorophore  + (A '''fluorophore''' is a fluorescent subst … A '''fluorophore''' is a fluorescent substance that may occur naturally ([[intrinsic fluorophores]]) or that may be added to a sample or preparation whereby the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of a specific species or parameter within the sample. These are [[extrinsic fluorophores]], also referred to as fluorescent markers., also referred to as fluorescent markers.)
• Free radicals  + (A '''free radical''' is any atom or molecu … A '''free radical''' is any atom or molecule that contains one or more unpaired electrons in an orbital. The degree of chemical reactivity depends on the localization of unpaired electrons. Free radicals are extremely reactive, and they can either donate or accept an electron from other molecules. Free radicals that include oxygen radicals and derivatives of oxygen are [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS). Likewise, [[reactive nitrogen species]] (RNS) are nitric oxide-derived compounds. ROS/RNS include oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radicals that are easily converted into radicals. Mitochondria are a main endogenous source of free radicals in cells and consequently are exposed to oxidative-nitrosative damage. Electron transfer in the electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) is not perfect, leading an electron leakage. This electron leakage permits the formation of ROS such as [[superoxide]] anion (O2•−), [[hydrogen peroxide]] (H₂O₂) and the hydroxyl radical (HO•)./sub>O₂) and the hydroxyl radical (HO•).)
• Harmonized standard  + (A '''harmonized standard''' is a European [[standard]] developed by a recognized European Standards Organisation: CEN, CENELEC, or ETSI.)
• Healthy reference population  + (A '''healthy reference population''', HRP, … A '''healthy reference population''', HRP, establishes the baseline for the relation between body mass and height in healthy people of zero underweight or overweight, providing a reference for evaluation of deviations towards underweight or overweight and obesity. The WHO Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) on height and body mass refer to healthy girls and boys from Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. The Committee on Biological Handbooks compiled data on height and body mass of healthy males from infancy to old age (USA), published before emergence of the fast-food and soft-drink epidemic. Four allometric phases are distinguished with distinct allometric exponents. At heights above 1.26 m/x the allometric exponent is 2.9, equal in women and men, and significantly different from the exponent of 2.0 implicated in the body mass index, BMI [kg/m²].e body mass index, BMI [kg/m²].)
• High signal at zero oxygen  + (A '''high signal at zero oxygen''' may be … A '''high signal at zero oxygen''' may be observed during [[zero calibration]] (R0). First, check the quality of the [[dithionite]] solution. The following instructions show how to distinguish between a defective sensor head and an electrical leak current.ensor head and an electrical leak current.)
• Light-emitting diode  + (A '''light-emitting diode''' (LED) is a li … A '''light-emitting diode''' (LED) is a light source (semiconductor), used in many every-day applications and specifically in [[fluorometry]]. LEDs are available for specific spectral ranges across wavelengths in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Colors_and_materials visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range].visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range].)
• Measurement process  + (A '''measurement process''' or a '''measurement''' is a set of operations to determine the value of a [[quantity]].)
• Measuring equipment  + (A '''measuring equipment''' is a measuring instrument, software, measurement standard, reference material or auxiliary apparatus, or a combination thereof, necessary to realize a measurement process.)
• Medical device  + (A '''medical device''' is an instrument, a … A '''medical device''' is an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is (1) intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or (2) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes.t of any of its primary intended purposes.)
• Metabolic control variable  + (A '''metabolic control variable''' ''X'' c … A '''metabolic control variable''' ''X'' causes the transition between a [[background state]] Y (background rate ''Y_X'') and a [[reference state]] Z (reference rate ''Z_X''). ''X'' may be a stimulator or activator of flux, inducing the step change from background to reference steady state (Y to Z). Alternatively, ''X'' may be an inhibitor of flux, absent in the reference state but present in the background state (step change from Z to Y).ate but present in the background state (step change from Z to Y).)
• Model  + (A '''model''' regarding databases is the representation of a real world object in a computer understandable language. A '''model''' can be defined by the structure of its [[dataset]] and the relations to other '''models'''.)
• Norm  + (A '''norm''' is a rule that is enforced by members of a community.)
• Number  + (A '''number''' ''N'' (or ''n'') is a [[count]] … A '''number''' ''N'' (or ''n'') is a [[count]] ''N''_''X'' [x] divided by the [[elementary entity]] ''U''_''X'' [x]. ''X'' must represent the same entity in both occurences. The elementary unit [x] cancels in the division by simplification, such that numbers (for example, numbers 8 or 24) are abstracted from the counted entity ''X''. The concept of number is tightly entangled with units, counts and entities.pt of number is tightly entangled with units, counts and entities.)
• Numeral  + (A '''numeral''' is the symbol representing … A '''numeral''' is the symbol representing a specific [[number]]. A numeral is the figure of a number, with different notation types used as a figure (VIII and 8 for Roman and Arabic numerals; 八 and 捌 for practical and financial Chinese). A numeral may consist of one or more characters or digits. 60 and 60.00 are different numerals consisting of two and four digits, respectively, which represent the same number sixty. Sixty is the name of the number 60, with the meaning 'number 60'. ''N'' is not a numeral but a symbol representing the entity 'number'. The equation ''N''=60 assignes the numerical value 60 to the entity 'number'. The numeral 60 is a symbol for a pure number that equals 6 times 10 (or 2 times 30; or 1 times 60).6 times 10 (or 2 times 30; or 1 times 60).)
• Plot - DatLab  + (A '''plot''' in DatLab represents a specific [[O2k signals and output|channel]] in the graph. To change the [[Layout for DatLab graphs]] go to [Graph]/'''[[Select plots - DatLab |Select plots]]''' to open the '''Graph layout''' window.)
• Polarization voltage  + (A '''polarization voltage''' of 600 mV to … A '''polarization voltage''' of 600 mV to 800 mV is applied between anode and cathode of the [[polarographic oxygen sensor]], resulting in a current when oxygen is consumed. The current is converted by the electronics to a voltage (raw signal) which must not be confused with the polarization voltage.be confused with the polarization voltage.)
• Population  + (A '''population''' (or '''group''') defines the [[sample type]] of an [[experiment]], before sample preparation. The population (or group) size represents the upper limit of the [[sample size]], ''N''.)
• Preprint  + (A '''preprint''' is {''Quote''} a way in w … A '''preprint''' is {''Quote''} a way in which a manuscript containing scientific results can be rapidly communicated from one scientist, or a group of scientists, to the entire scientific community {''end of Quote''}. Preprints are disseminated without peer review, e.g. in the preprint server [[MitoFit Preprints]]. In contrast, the journal [[Bioenergetics Communications]] publishes peer-reviewed articles, which preferentially are communicated in advance in MitoFit Preprints.municated in advance in MitoFit Preprints.)
• Product  + (A '''product''' in a chemical reaction has a positive [[stoichiometric number]] since it is produced, whereas a [[substrate]] has a negative stoichiometric number since it is consumed.)
• Prosthetic group  + (A '''prosthetic group''' is a [[cofactor]] … A '''prosthetic group''' is a [[cofactor]] that is attached permanently and tightly or even covalently to an enzyme and that is regenerated in each enzymatic turnover. Thus a prostethic group is distinguished from a [[coenzyme]] or cosubstrate that is attached loosely and transiently. Like a coenzyme, the prosthetic group is required by an enzyme for its activity. A prosthetic group is 'a tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity' (IUPAC definition).</br></br>FMN/FMNH₂ and FAD/FADH₂ are prosthetic groups of [[Complex I]] and [[Complex II]], respectively.[[Complex II]], respectively.)
• Quantity  + (A '''quantity''' is the attribute of a phe … A '''quantity''' is the attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined quantitatively. A [[dimension |dimensional]] quantity is a number (variable, parameter, or constant) connected to its dimension, which is different from 1. {''Quote''} The value of a quantity is generally expressed as the product of a number and a unit. The unit is simply a particular example of the quantity concerned which is used as a reference, and the number is the ratio of the value of the quantity to the unit. {''end of Quote'': Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI), p. 127)}.ernational System of Units (SI), p. 127)}.)
• Reference spectrum  + (A '''reference spectrum''' for a substance is an [[absorbance spectrum]] of the same substance at a known concentration and [[redox state]].)
• Requirement  + (A '''requirement''' is a singular documented physical or functional need that a particular design, product or process must be able to perform.)
• Sample  + (A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken … A '''sample''' is one or more parts taken from an ensemble that is studied. A sample is either stored for later quantification or prepared and possibly separated into subsamples, which are enclosed in a system for qualitative or quantitative investigation. A pure sample S is a pure gas, pure liquid or pure solid of a defined elementary [[entity]]-type. A pure biological sample is a cell type, tissue, or organism without its solid, liquid or gaseous environment. Then the system used to investigate sample S contains only entities of entity-type S, and the [[volume]] ''V''_S [L] and [[mass]] ''m''_S [kg] of the pure (sub)sample S are identical to the volume ''V'' and mass ''m'' of the experimental [[system]]. A pure sample S may be mixed with other components to be investigated as a solution, mixture, or suspension, indicated by the symbol s in contrast to the pure sample S. A sample s is obtained in combination with other components, such that the [[volume]] ''V''_s [L] and [[mass]] ''m''_s [kg] of the sample s are larger than the volume ''V''_S and mass ''m''_S of the pure sample S. For example, the number of cells ''N''_ce [Mx] can be counted in a sample s of a cell suspension, whereas the mass ''m''_ce [mg] of cells requires a pure sample S of cells to be measured on a mass-balance. Clarity of statistical representation is improved, if the symbol ''N'' is used for the number of [[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.[[primary sample]]s taken from a study group, and the symbol ''n'' is used for the number of subsamples studied as technical repeats.)