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A list of all pages that have property "Description" with value "[[File:1PGM;2D;3U;4S;5Rot-.png|300px]]". Since there have been only a few results, also nearby values are displayed.

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  • Journal volume  + (The '''volume''' of a journal or periodicaThe '''volume''' of a journal or periodical is a number, which in many cases indicates the sequential number of years the journal has been published. Alternatively, the volume number may indicate the current year, independent of the year in which the journal published its first volume. A volume may be subdivided into [[Journal issue |issues]].[[Journal issue |issues]].)
  • Wet mass  + (The '''wet mass''' of a tissue or biological sample, obtained after blotting the sample to remove an arbitrary amount of water adhering externally to the sample.)
  • Permeability transition pore  + (The (mitochondrial, mt) permeability transThe (mitochondrial, mt) permeability transition pore (PTP) is an unspecific pore presumed to involve components of both the inner and outer mt membrane which upon opening induces a massive increase of the inner mt membrane permeability for solutes up to 1.5 kDa. It is crucially involved in cell death induction in response to, among other stimuli, radical stress and/or calcium overload and may cause necrosis or apoptosis. It plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and possibly various other diseases. Previously considered essential molecular constituents such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and cyclophilin D (CypD) have all been shown to be important regulators of mtPTP opening, but the molecular entities actually forming the pore are still unknown at present. The opening of the pore can be prevented using [[cyclosporin A]], a compound that binds cyclophilin D avoiding the formation of the pore. In respirometry, mtPTP opening may be observed as a sudden decrease of respiration of isolated mitochondria ([[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).[[Hansson 2010 J Biol Chem]]).)
  • Search for defective O2k components  + (The 2-chamber design of the O2k helps to '''search for defective O2k components''', by switching components linked to O2k chambers A and B between sides A and B.)
  • P»-system  + (The ADP-ATP phosphorylation system or P»-system. ''See'' [[Phosphorylation system]].)
  • CDGSH iron-sulfur domain proteins  + (The CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) familThe CDGSH iron-sulfur domain (CISDs) family of proteins uniquely ligate labile 2Fe-2S clusters with a 3Cys-1His motif. CISD1 and CISD3 have been demonstrated to localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial matrix respectively, however their relationship to mitochondrial physiology remains ill-defined [1]. The best characterized member of the CISD family, CISD1, has been demonstrated to be involved in respiratory capacity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulationcity, iron homeostasis, and ROS regulation)
  • French Group of Bioenergetics  + (The French Group of Bioenergetics...)
  • O2k control panel - DatLab  + (The O2k control panel allows for quick accThe O2k control panel allows for quick access of O2k instrument settings. It covers the right side of the graphical user interface of DatLab 8. If a DatLab protocol is active, the protocol panel ist shown instead, a tab at the right side allows to switch between O2k control panel and protocol panel.ween O2k control panel and protocol panel.)
  • Closed chamber  + (The O2k-chamber can be used as a [[closed system]] or [[open system]]. Gas bubbles must be avoided.)
  • OroboPOS-Connector Service  + (The OroboPOS-Connector Service entails routine maintenance and any necessary repairs of the OroboPOS-Connector in the Oroboros electronics workshop (WGT).)
  • PC requirements  + (The PC requirements for controlling an O2k and data recording with [[DatLab]] are found [[DatLab installation |here]].)
  • Display Power-O2k  + (The Power-O2k number, which is set in the The Power-O2k number, which is set in the pull-down menu Oroboros O2k \ [[O2k configuration]], is shown in the active graph. To show it in graphs copied to clipboard, the option "Show Oroboros icon in clipboard files" must be enabled in the Graph-menu [[Graph options - DatLab]].[[Graph options - DatLab]].)
  • TIP2k - DatLab  + (The Titration-Injection microPump (TIP2k) provides automated injection of liquids into both O2k chambers. It is controlled via DatLab, allowing for programmable titration regimes and feedback control.)
  • MtOM  + (The [[Mitochondrial outer membrane| '''mitochondrial outer membrane''']])
  • Succinate transport  + (The [[dicarboxylate carrier]] catalyses the electroneutral exchange of succinate<sup>2-</sup> for HPO<sub>4-</sub><sup>2-</sup>.)
  • Ampere  + (The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of elThe ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge ''e'' to be 1.602 176 634 × 10<sup>−19</sup> when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''<sub>Cs</sub>.the second is defined in terms of Δ''ν''<sub>Cs</sub>.)
  • Isolated system  + (The boundaries of '''isolated system'''s aThe boundaries of '''isolated system'''s are impermeable for all forms of energy and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, ''e.g.'', internal entropy production, d<sub>i</sub>''S''/d''t'', internal formation of chemical species ''i'' which is produced in a reaction ''r'', d<sub>i</sub>''n<sub>i</sub>''/d''t'' = d<sub>r</sub>''n<sub>i</sub>''/d''t''. In isolated systems some internal terms are restricted to zero by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity. by various conservation laws which rule out the production or destruction of the respective quantity.)
  • Calorespirometric ratio  + (The calorimetric/respirometric or '''calorThe calorimetric/respirometric or '''calorespirometric ratio''' (CR ratio) is the ratio of calorimetrically and respirometrically measured heat and oxygen flux, determinded by [[calorespirometry]]. The experimental CR ratio is compared with the theoretically derived [[oxycaloric equivalent]], and agreement in the range of -450 to -480 kJ/mol O<sub>2</sub> indicates a balanced [[aerobic]] energy budget ([[Gnaiger_1987_PhysiolZool|Gnaiger and Staudigl 1987]]). In the transition from aerobic to [[anaerobic | anaerobic metabolism]], there is a [[Limiting pO2|limiting ''p''<sub>O2</sub>]], ''p''<sub>lim</sub>, below which CR ratios become more exothermic since anaerobic energy flux is switched on.h CR ratios become more exothermic since anaerobic energy flux is switched on.)
  • Candela  + (The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10<sup>12</sup> Hz, ''K''<sub>cd</sub>, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W<sup>−1</sup>.;/sub>, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W<sup>−1</sup>.)
  • Illumination  + (The chambers of the [[OROBOROS O2k|Oroboros O2k]]The chambers of the [[OROBOROS O2k|Oroboros O2k]] are illuminated by an internal LED. The '''illumination''' is switched on and off in [[DatLab]] during the experiment by pressing [F10]. This illumination must be distinguished from light introduced into the chambers by LEDs for the purpose of spectrophotometric and fluorometric measurements. For these, the internal illumination must be switched off.nternal illumination must be switched off.)
  • Matrix-ETS  + (The component of the electron transfer sysThe component of the electron transfer system located in the mitochondrial matrix ('''matrix-ETS''') is distringuished from the ETS bound to the mt-inner membrane (membrane-ETS). Electron transfer and corresponding OXPHOS capacities are classically studied in mitochondrial preparations as oxygen consumption supported by various fuel substrates undergoing partial oxidation in the mt-matrix, such as pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others.s pyruvate, malate, succinate, and others.)
  • Affinity of reaction  + (The concept of '''affinity''' and hence chThe concept of '''affinity''' and hence chemical force is deeply rooted in the notion of '''attraction''' (and repulsion) of alchemy, which was the foundation of chemistry originally, but diverted away from laboratory experiments towards occult secret societies [1].<sup>**</sup> Newton's extensive experimental alchemical work and his substantial written track record on alchemy (which he did not publish) is seen today as a key inspiration for his development of the concept of the gravitational force [2-4]. This marks a transition of the meaning of affinity, from the descriptive 'adjacent' (proximity) to the causative 'attractive' (force) [5]. Correspondingly, Lavoisier (1790) equates affinity and force [6]: “''... the degree of force or affinity with which the acid adheres to the base''” [5]. By discussing the influence of electricity and gravity on chemical affinity, Liebig (1844) considers affinity as a force [7]. This leads to Guldberg and Waage's [[mass action ratio]] ('Studies concerning affinity', 1864; see [5]), the free energy and chemical affinity of Helmholtz (1882 [8]), and chemical thermodynamics of irreversible processes [9], where flux-force relations are center stage [10]. </br></br>According to the IUPAC definition, the '''affinity of reaction''', ''A'' [J·mol<sup>-1</sup>], equals the negative molar Gibbs energy of reaction [11], which is the negative Gibbs [[force]] of reaction (derivative of [[Gibbs energy]] per [[advancement]] of reaction [12]):</br></br> -''A'' = Δ<sub>r</sub>''F'' = ∂''G''/∂<sub>r</sub>''ξ''</br></br>The historical account of affinity is summarized by concluding, that today affinity of reaction should be considered as an isomorphic motive '''force''' and be generalized as such. This will help to (''1'') avoid confusing reversals of sign conventions (repulsion = negative attraction; pull = negative push), (''2'') unify symbols across classical and nonequilibrium thermodynamics [12,13], and thus (''3'') facilitate interdisciplinary communication by freeing ourselves from the alchemical, arcane scientific nomenclature.ry communication by freeing ourselves from the alchemical, arcane scientific nomenclature.)
  • Latent mitochondrial dysfunction  + (The concept on '''latent mitochondrial dysThe concept on '''latent mitochondrial dysfunction''' presents the working hypothesis that the dynamic mitochondrial stress response provides a more sensitive and integrative marker for degenerative disease-related defects compared to acute mitochondrial dysfunction. The risk for developing a disease may be quantified in terms of a stress response, rather than a static pathophysiological state. Acute and latent mitochondrial dysfunction are studied at baseline and in response to a particular (e.g. oxidative) stress, using a mitochondrial stress resistance test.ng a mitochondrial stress resistance test.)
  • DatLab data file  + (The file type generated by [[DatLab]] is *.DLD.)
  • Mark specifications - DatLab  + (The function '''Mark specifications''' is The function '''Mark specifications''' is largely replaced by [[SUIT: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |SUIT DL-Protocols]] and [[Instrumental: Browse DL-Protocols and templates |Instrumental DL-Protocols]] in [https://www.oroboros.at/index.php/product/datlab/ DatLab 7.4]. Mark specifications allow the user to rename [[Marks - DatLab| Marks]] in the active plot and save/recall the settings. Rename marks individually by clicking into the horizontal bar, or use corresponding templates for renaming the entire sequence of marks.for renaming the entire sequence of marks.)
  • Hydride  + (The hydride anion is the species H<sup>−</sup>.)
  • Illumination on/off  + (The illumination in both chambers is switched on/off.)
  • Kelvin  + (The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant ''k'' to be 1.380 649 × 10<sup>−23</sup> when expressed in the unit J x<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>.)
  • Kilogram  + (The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit ofThe kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant ''h'' to be 6.626 070 15 × 10<sup>−34</sup> when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of ''c'' and Δ''ν''<sub>Cs</sub>.he meter and the second are defined in terms of ''c'' and Δ''ν''<sub>Cs</sub>.)
  • Malate-aspartate shuttle  + (The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the The malate-aspartate shuttle involves the glutamate-aspartate carrier and the 2-oxoglutarate carrier exchanging malate<sup>2-</sup> for 2-oxoglutarate<sup>2-</sup>. Cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and transaminase complete the shuttle for the transport of cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney.chondrial matrix. It is most important in heart, liver and kidney.)
  • Mouse control: Mark  + (The mark mode is active by default, can beThe mark mode is active by default, can be selected in the menu or by [Ctrl+M]. If '''Mouse control: Mark''' is enabled, specific sections of the experiment can be marked in each plot. </br>Usually, marks are set on the plot for oxygen concentration for calibration, whereas marks on the plot for oxygen flux are set for exporting the median or average of flux to a table.</br></br>»More details: [[Marks - DatLab]].[Marks - DatLab]].)
  • Wavelength range  + (The minimum and the maximum wavelengths ovThe minimum and the maximum wavelengths over which an [[absorbance spectrum]] is measured are described in terms of the [[wavelength range]]. It is determined mainly by the specifications of the [[spectrophotometer]] and the type of [[light source]] used, and the characteristic [[absorbance spectrum]] of the sample being investigated.[[absorbance spectrum]] of the sample being investigated.)
  • Ergodynamics  + (The mission of '''ergodynamics''' is the rThe mission of '''ergodynamics''' is the revelation of relations of general validity. "''Thermodynamics deals with relationships between properties of systems at equilibrium and with differences in properties between various equilibrium states. It has nothing to do with time. Even so, it is one of the most powerful tools of physical chemistry''" [1]. '''Ergodynamics''' is the theory of exergy changes (from the Greek word 'erg' which means [[work]]). Ergodynamics includes the fundamental aspects of thermodynamics ('[[heat]]') and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP; nonequilibrium thermodynamics), and thus links thermodynamics to kinetics. In its most general scope, ergodynamics is the science of [[energy]] transformations. Classical thermodynamics includes [[open system]]s, yet as a main focus it describes [[closed system]]s. This is reflected in a nomenclature that is not easily applicable to the more general case of open systems [2]. At present, IUPAC recommendations [3] fall short of providing adequate guidelines for describing energy transformations in open systems.ng energy transformations in open systems.)
  • Creatine kinase  + (The mitochondrial '''creatine kinase''', also known as phosphocreatine kinase (CPK), facilitates energy transport with [[creatine]] and [[phosphocreatine]] as diffusible intermediates.)
  • Respiratory chain  + (The mitochondrial '''respiratory chain''' The mitochondrial '''respiratory chain''' (RC) consists of enzyme complexes arranged to form a metabolic system of convergent pathways for [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. In a general sense, the RC includes (1) the [[electron transfer pathway]] (ET-pathway), with transporters for the exchange of reduced substrates across the inner mitochondrial membrane, enzymes in the matrix space (particularly dehydrogenases of the tricarboxylic acid cycle), inner membrane-bound electron transfer complexes, and (2) the inner membrane-bound enzymes of the [[phosphorylation system]].[[phosphorylation system]].)
  • Mole  + (The mole [mol] is the SI base unit for theThe mole [mol] is the SI base unit for the [[amount |amount of substance]] of a system that contains 6.02214076·10<sup>23</sup> specified elementary entities (see [[Avogadro constant]]). The elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.ther particles, or specified groups of such particles.)
  • Pyruvate carrier  + (The monocarboxylic acid [[pyruvate]]<sup>-</sup> is exchanged electroneutrally for OH<sup>-</sup> by the '''pyruvate carrier'''. H<sup>+</sup>/anion symport is equivalent to OH<sup>-</sup>/anion antiport.)
  • Drift  + (The most common cause of '''drift''' is variation in the intensity of the [[light source]]. The effect of this can be minimised by carrying out a [[balance]] at frequent intervals.)
  • DatLab oxygen flux: performance and data analysis  + (The quality of the results are strongly affected by the performance and data analysis. Therefore, we provide guidelines for performing and evaluating respirometric assays.)
  • Improvement score  + (The relative improvement score, ''RIS'', pThe relative improvement score, ''RIS'', provides a measure of improvement of a trait from a value measured at baseline, ''B'', to a value measured after treatment, ''T'', expressing the total improvement, ''T-B'', in relation to the theoretical scope of improvement and the level of the trait observed at baseline. '''RIS'' incorporates the concept of diminishing returns and consideres maintaining a high value of a trait as an improvement relative to the potential loss.mprovement relative to the potential loss.)
  • Reproducibility crisis  + (The reproducibility crisis is alarming.<The reproducibility crisis is alarming.<sup>1</sup> An experiment or study is ''reproducible'' or ''replicable'' when subsequent experiments confirm the results. This is [[research |re-search]]. However, we can define different types of reproducibility depending on the conditions that we use to replicate the previous work or in the information available. Our aim is to focus mostly on two different kinds<sup>2</sup>: '''1. Direct:''' is when we obtaining the same results using the same experimental conditions, materials, and methods as described in the original experiment. This would be the ideal reproducibility of an experiment. However, it requires a very accurate description of how the original experiment was performed. Some journals are trying to resolve the '''reproducibility crisis''' improving the rigor and the excellence on the reported methods and results (e.g. [https://www.cell.com/star-authors-guide STAR Methods in Cell Press]). '''2. Systematical:''' refers to obtaining the same results, but under different conditions; for example, using another cell line or mouse strain or humman study, or inhibiting a gene pharmacologically instead of genetically. This opens the door to subsequent studies to find the conditions under which an initial finding holds.udies to find the conditions under which an initial finding holds.)
  • Second  + (The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of tiThe second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆''ν''<sub>Cs</sub>, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s<sup>−1</sup>.ssed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s<sup>−1</sup>.)
  • Stoichiometric number  + (The sign of the '''stoichiometric number''The sign of the '''stoichiometric number''' ''ν''<sub>X</sub> is determined by the nonspatial direction of the transformation (positive for products, negative for substrates), and the magnitude of ''ν''<sub>X</sub> is determined by the stoichiometric form. For instance, ''ν''<sub>A</sub>=-1 in the reaction 0 = -1 A + 2 B (-1 glucose converted to +2 lactate), but ''ν''<sub>A</sub>=-1/6 in the reaction 0 = -1/6 A - 1 B + 1 C (-1/6 glucose and -1 O<sub>2</sub> converted to +1 H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>).1 B + 1 C (-1/6 glucose and -1 O<sub>2</sub> converted to +1 H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>).)
  • Dithionite  + (The sodium salt of '''Dithionite''' Na<The sodium salt of '''Dithionite''' Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (Dit) is the 'zero oxygen solution powder' used for [[Oxygen calibration - DatLab |calibration of oxygen sensors]] at [[Zero calibration | zero oxygen concentration]], or for stepwise reduction of oxygen [[concentration]]s in [[MiPNet14.06 Instrumental O2 background |instrumental O<sub>2</sub> background tests]]. It is not recommended to use dithionite in experiments with biological samples or several multisensor approaches, for these see [[Setting the oxygen concentration]].[[Setting the oxygen concentration]].)
  • Install Oroboros protocol package  + (The standard '''Instrumental and SUIT DL-PThe standard '''Instrumental and SUIT DL-Protocols''' package is automatically implemented with the simple DatLab programme installation. We recommend a 'clean install': rename your previous DatLab programme subdirectory (''e.g.'' C:\DatLab_OLD).</br>Updates and newly developed DL protocols can be simply downloaded by clicking on [Protocols]\Install Oroboros protocol package.tocols]\Install Oroboros protocol package.)
  • Flux analysis - DatLab  + (The strategy of '''Flux analysis''' using The strategy of '''Flux analysis''' using DatLab depends on the research question and the corresponding settings applied in DatLab when recording the data with the O2k. Usng [[MitoPedia: SUIT |SUIT protocols]], a sequence of respiratory steady-states is measured, marks are set, and numerical data are summarized in [[Mark statistics - DatLab|Mark statistics]] (F2). An AI approach is kept in mind when describing guidelines for evaluation of steady-states during data recording and analysis.states during data recording and analysis.)
  • %  + (The symbol '''%''' indicates 'per cent' (per hundred). {''Quote''} The internationally recognized symbol % (per cent) may be used with the SI. When it is used, a space separates the number and the symbol %. {''end of Quote''}.)
  •   + (The symbol '''≡''' indicates (numerical) [[equivalence]], in contrast to = as the symbol for (physicochemical) [[equality]].)
  • Open chamber  + (The term "open O2k-chamber" refers to a situation in which the liquid phase is allowed to equilibrate with a gas phase, but the stopper is partially inserted using the [[Stopper-Spacer]].)
  • Extroduction  + (The term '''extroduction''' is ambiguous aThe term '''extroduction''' is ambiguous and needs introduction. An ''external'' extroduction aims at providing a specific exit that opens the door to the parent article. Once you popped up into the article box, there are various ''internal'' extroductions to push down by following hyperlinks to references, keywords, supplementary material, and to the external extroduction. Once you have pushed one level down, there may be hyperlinks to push down further ([[Hofstadter 1979 Harvester Press |Hofstadter 1979]]). One needs to keep track of the links in a nested network of open tabs, to pop up all the way back for returning to the initial reference level. returning to the initial reference level.)
  • Incident light  + (The term '''incident light''' is used for a beam of light falling upon a surface.)
  • Isomorphic  + (The term '''isomorphic''' refers to quantiThe term '''isomorphic''' refers to quantities which have [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/isomorphic ''identical or similar form, shape, or structure'']. In mathematics, an isomorphism defines a [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/isomorphism ''one-to-one correspondence between two mathematical sets'']. In [[ergodynamics]], isomorphic quantities are defined by equations of identical form. If isomorphic quantities are not expressed in identical units, then these quantities are expressed in different formats which can be converted to identical untis. Example: electric force [V=J/C] and chemical force [Jol=J/mol] are ismorphic [[force]]s; the electrical format [J/C] can be converted to the chemical format [J/mol] by the [[Faraday constant]]. Units not only give meaning to the numerical value of a quantity, but units provide also an abbreviated common language to communicate and compare isomorphic quantities. In irreversible thermodynamics, isomorphic forces are referred to as ''generalized'' forces.are referred to as ''generalized'' forces.)
  • System  + (The term '''system''' has a variety of meaThe term '''system''' has a variety of meanings and dictionary definitions in different contexts, ''e.g.'', the [[International System of Units]] (SI), MKSA system, data management system, biological or mechanical system, redox system, [[Electron transfer system]], loosely or completely coupled system, instrumental system. In thermodynamics and [[ergodynamics]], the '''system''' is considered as an experimental system (experimental chamber), separated from the environment as an isolated, adiabatic, closed, or open system. {''Quote'' } The internal domain of any system is separated from the external domain (the surroundings) by a boundary. In theory, energy transformations outside the system can be ignored when describing the system. The surroundings are merely considered as a source or sink for quantities transferred across the system boundary. According to the transfer properties of the boundary, three types of thermodynamic systems are distinguished. (''1'') The boundaries of '''''isolated systems''''' are impermeable for all forms of [[energy]] and matter. Isolated systems do not interact with the surroundings. Strictly, therefore, internal changes of isolated systems cannot be observed from outside since any observation requires interaction. (''2'') The boundaries of '''''closed systems''''' are permeable for [[heat]] and [[work]], but impermeable for [[matter]]. A limiting case is electrons which cross the system boundary when work is exchanged in the form of electric energy [''added'': and light]. The volume of a closed system may be variable. (''3'') The boundaries of '''''open systems''''' allow for the transfer of heat, work and matter. Changes of isolated systems have exclusively internal origins, whereas changes of closed and open systems can be partitioned according to internal and external sources. Production and destruction of a quantity within the system are ''internal'' changes, whereas changes of heat, work and matter due to transfer across the system boundaries are labelled ''extenal''. (External) transfer is thus contrasted with (internal) production or destruction. {''end of Quote'': [[Gnaiger 1993 Pure Appl Chem]]}</br></br>A system may be treated as a black box. In the analysis of [[Continuous system|continuous]] or [[Discontinuous system |discontinuous system]]s, however, information is implied on the internal structure of the system.d on the internal structure of the system.)
  • Hydrogen ion  + (The terms '''hydrogen ion''' H<sup>+The terms '''hydrogen ion''' H<sup>+</sup> and [[proton]], p or p<sup>+</sup>, are used synonymously in chemistry. A hydrogen ion is a positively charged molecule. In particle physics, however, a proton is a submolecular and subatomic particle with a positive electric charge. The H<sup>+</sup> ion has no electrons and is a bare charge with only about 1/64 000 of the radius of a hydrogen atom. Free H<sup>+</sup> is extremely reactive, with an extremely short lifetime in aqueous solutions. There H<sup>+</sup> forms the hydronium ion H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, which in turn is further solvated by water molecules in clusters such as H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> and H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. The transfer of H<sup>+</sup> in an acid–base reaction is referred to as ''proton transfer''. The acid is the H<sup>+</sup> donor and the base is the H<sup>+</sup> acceptor.lt;sup>+</sup>. The transfer of H<sup>+</sup> in an acid–base reaction is referred to as ''proton transfer''. The acid is the H<sup>+</sup> donor and the base is the H<sup>+</sup> acceptor.)
  • Proton  + (The terms '''proton''' p and [[hydrogen ion]]The terms '''proton''' p and [[hydrogen ion]] H<sup>+</sup> are used synonymously in chemistry. In particle physics, a proton is a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge. Protons and neutrons are collectively referred to as ''nucleons''. The proton is a bare charge with only about 1/64 000 of the radius of a hydrogen atom, and so the free proton is extremely reactive chemically. Therefore, the free proton has an extremely short lifetime in aqueous solutions where it forms the [[hydronium ion]], H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, which in turn is further solvated by water molecules in clusters such as H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> and H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>.;sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> and H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>.)
  • SI prefixes  + (There are 20 '''SI prefixes''' defined to represent multiples and submiltiples of SI units.)
  • Sides  + (There are many '''sides''' of the term 'siThere are many '''sides''' of the term 'side' in our language system. Inside and outside are the sides that are separated by the system boundaries of an experimental [[system]]. + and - are the two sides of numbers separated by 0. Pages in books have opposite sides or front sides versus backsides. Many fundamental terms have opposite sides of the meaning, thus spanning the entire message in the space between their apparently contrasting sides, and transforming the paradox as a perspective into the unified whole, the full, the complete. On the other side, such fundamental terms are fully understood only after ''realization'' of the opposite sides of their meaning — treasures discovered in the etymological origins of the word. It makes sense to open all our senses to comprehend the bright side and the dark side of things. Whereas the student sais "I see a black sheep", Zen decides "You see, that one side of the sheep is black". This is the message to consider both sides before choosing sides, besides overcoming a one-sided point of view. Don't rock side-to-side, but get immersed deeply inside things to see the upsides and downsides of every thing or anything, and more so of nothing. Inside is the insight, for insiders and outsiders of the feedback loop of an [[Ouroboros]].Ouroboros]].)
  • DatLab and SUIT protocols  + (This is a brief summary of steps to be takThis is a brief summary of steps to be taken for performing a high-resolution respirometry experiment with '''[[SUIT protocols]]''' using the OROBOROS [[Oroboros O2k]] and '''[[DatLab]]''' software. (1) Search for a specific [[SUIT protocol name]] (go to [[MitoPedia:_SUIT#SUIT_protocols |MitoPedia: SUIT]]). The list of MitoPedia SUIT protocols can be sorted by [[categories of SUIT protocols]] (sorting by SUIT protocol name), which is listed as the 'abbreviation' of the SUIT protocol name. (2) Copy the template for [[Mark names]] into your DatLab subdirectory: DatLab\APPDATA\MTEMPLAT. (3) Copy the [[DatLab-Analysis templates |DatLab-Analysis template]] for this SUIT protocol. (4) Follow the link to the corresponding publication or MiPNet communication, where the pdf file describing the SUIT protocol is available. (5) A DatLab demo file may be available providing an experimental example. After each sequential titration, a mark is set on the plot for flux or flow. After having set all marks, pull down the 'Mark names' menu, select the corresponding SUIT protocol for mark names, and rename all marks. The Mark names template also provides standard values of the titration volume preceding each mark. (6) Go to 'Mark statistics' [F2], copy to clipboard, and paste into the sample tab in the DatLab-Analysis template.</br></br>: Example:</br>:* SUIT protocol name: [[SUIT-011]]</br>:* Mark names in DatLab: 1GM;2D;2c;3S;4U;5Rot-</br>:* DatLab-Analysis template: SUIT_NS(GM)01.xlsx</br>:* MiPNet communciation: [[MiPNet12.23 FibreRespiration]]</br>:* DatLab demo file: MiPNet12.23 FibreRespiration.DLDemo file: MiPNet12.23 FibreRespiration.DLD)
  • Beer-Lambert law  + (This law states that the [[transmittance]]This law states that the [[transmittance]] (''T'') of light though a sample is given by:</br>''T'' = e<sup>-''εbc''</sup>, where ''ε'' is the molar [[extinction coefficient]], ''b'' is the pathlength of the light through the cuvette (in mm) and ''c'' is the concentration of the pigment in the sample (in mM). Transforming this equation, it can be seen that the [[absorbance]] of light (''A'') is simply given by ''A'' = ''εbc''.absorbance]] of light (''A'') is simply given by ''A'' = ''εbc''.)
  • Least squares method  + (This method makes use of all of the data pThis method makes use of all of the data points of the spectrum in order to quantify a measured spectrum with a reference spectrum of known concentration using a '''least squares method''' to match the measured spectrum with the reference spectrum. The technique results in improved accuracy compared with the use of only a few characteristic wavelengths. of only a few characteristic wavelengths.)
  • Paywall journalism  + (Though often defined from the individual rThough often defined from the individual reader's perspective, a paywall can also apply to an institution (such as a library) or the author. '''Paywall journalism''' is the opposite of [[Open Access]]. [[Open Science]] does not accept paywalls with the argument, that the public pays for governmentally funded research, hence research funded by public grants should be published with open access for the public without paywalls. Paywalls are most frequently defined from the perspective of the individual reader, who has to pay for an article or pay a journal subscription as a requisite for obtaining full access to the information that is otherwise hidden behind the paywall ('''reader-paywall journal'''). From the perspective of the authors, however, an '''author-paywall journal''' is defined as any journal which requests publication charges or page charges from the authors for publishing the manuscript Open Access or publishing it at all. Similarly, an '''institutional-paywall journal''' charges an institution – typically university libraries – for granting open access to the members of this institution. As long as paywall journalism prevails in science, at least '''paywall transparence''' should be required, to declare for each publication not only the reader-paywall costs but provide the full information on the author-paywall and institutional-paywall expenses.aywall and institutional-paywall expenses.)
  • O2k signals and output  + (Three electronic '''channel types''' are aThree electronic '''channel types''' are available in the [[O2k-MultiSensor |O2k-MultiSensor system]]. All channels are available twofold (dual-data), for O2k-Chambers A (left) and B (right), based on numerical signals sent at a fixed data sampling time interval (default: 2 s; range 0.2 s to >10 s).rval (default: 2 s; range 0.2 s to >10 s).)
  • Stirrer A on/off  + (Toggles between stirrer on/off in the left O2k-chamber, returning to the pre set stirrer speed.)
  • Stirrer B on/off  + (Toggles between stirrer on/off in the right O2k-chamber, returning to the pre set stirrer speed.)
  • Triethyltin bromide  + (Triethyltin bromide (TET) is a lipophilic [1] inhibitor of the mitochondrial [[ATP synthase]] [2] which is used to induce [[LEAK state]] in [[living cells]] of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''.)
  • POS calibration - static  + (Two-point calibration of the polarographic oxygen sensor, comprising [[Air calibration]] and [[Zero calibration]]. See also [[POS calibration - dynamic]].)
  • Unspecific binding of TPP+  + (Unspecific binding of the probe molecule TUnspecific binding of the probe molecule TPP<sup>+</sup> in the matrix phase of mitochondria is taken into account as a correction for measurement of the [[mitochondrial membrane potential]]. External unspecific binding is the binding outside of the inner mt-membrane or on the outer side of the inner mt-membrane, in contrast to internal unspecific binding.-membrane, in contrast to internal unspecific binding.)
  • SUITbrowser  + (Use the '''SUITbrowser''' to find the subsUse the '''SUITbrowser''' to find the substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration ([[SUIT]]) protocol most suitable for addressing your research questions.</br></br> <big><big>Open the SUITbrowser: http://suitbrowser.oroboros.at/</big></big></br></br></br>[[Image:PlayVideo.jpg|50px|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T33sp9KkJk]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T33sp9KkJk How to find a DL-Protocol (DLP)]w.youtube.com/watch?v=8T33sp9KkJk How to find a DL-Protocol (DLP)])
  • Getting started - DatLab  + (Users have to enter their user details the first time they use DatLab 8 on a specific computer. As well, entering some basic settings is required when connecting DatLab 8 with an O2k for the first time.)
  • Valinomycin  + (Valinomycin catalyzes electrogenic K<sup>+</sup> transport down the electrochemical transmembrane gradient (150 ng<sup>.</sup>mg<sup>-1</sup> protein).)
  • Smoothing  + (Various methods of '''smoothing''' can be Various methods of '''smoothing''' can be applied to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. For instance, data points recorded over time [s] or over a range of wavelengths [nm] can be smoothed by averaging ''n'' data points per interval. Then the average of the ''n'' points per smoothing interval can be taken for each successively recorded data point across the time range or range of the spectrum to give a ''n''-point moving average smoothing. This method decreases the [[noise]] of the signal, but clearly reduces the time or wavelength [[resolution]]. More advanced methods of smoothing are applied to retain a higher [[time resolution]] or wavelength resolution.[[time resolution]] or wavelength resolution.)
  • Hydrogenion flux  + (Volume-specific '''hydrogenion flux''' or Volume-specific '''hydrogenion flux''' or H<sup>+</sup> flux is measured in a closed system as the time derivative of H<sup>+</sup> concentration, expressed in units [pmol·s<sup>-1</sup>·mL<sup>-1</sup>]. H<sup>+</sup> flux can be measured in an open system at steady state, when any acidification of the medium is compensated by external supply of an equivalent amount of base. The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) is the change of pH in the incubation medium over time, which is zero at steady state. Volume-specific H<sup>+</sup> flux is comparable to volume-specific [[oxygen flux]] [pmol·s<sup>-1</sup>·mL<sup>-1</sup>], which is the (negative) time derivative of oxygen concentration measured in a closed system, corrected for instrumental and chemical background.</br></br>[[pH]] is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity. Therefore, ECAR is of interest in relation to acidification issues in the incubation buffer or culture medium. The physiologically relevant metabolic H<sup>+</sup> flux, however, must not be confused with ECAR.e incubation buffer or culture medium. The physiologically relevant metabolic H<sup>+</sup> flux, however, must not be confused with ECAR.)
  • Different O2 fluxes in left and right chamber  + (What are potential causes for '''different O<sub>2</sub> fluxes in the left and right chamber'''?)
  • Transmittance  + (When light enter a sample, '''transmittance''' (''T'') is the fraction of the intensity (''I'') of the light emerging from the sample compared with the incident light intensity (''I''<sub>''0''</sub>): ''T'' = ''I''/''I''<sub>''0''</sub>.)
  • Absorption  + (When light enters a sample and emerges witWhen light enters a sample and emerges with an intensity (''I''), '''absorption''' (''Abs'') is the fraction of the light absorbed by the sample compared with the [[incident light]] intensity (''I''<sub>''0''</sub>): ''Abs'' = 1-''I''/''I''<sub>''0''</sub>. Absorption can also be expressed as ''Abs'' = 1-''T'', where ''T'' is the [[transmittance]].[[transmittance]].)
  • Absorbance spectrum  + (When light enters a sample, the amount of When light enters a sample, the amount of light that it absorbs is dependent upon the wavelength of the incident light. The '''absorbance spectrum''' is the curve derived by plotting the measured [[absorbance]] against the wavelength of the light emerging from the sample over a given [[wavelength range]]. An [[absorbance spectrum]] may be characterised by peaks and troughs (absorbance maxima and minima) that can be used to identify, and sometimes quantify, different absorbing substances present in a sample. absorbing substances present in a sample.)
  • O2k-MultiSensor  + (When one (or more) analytical parameters aWhen one (or more) analytical parameters are monitored simultaneously with oxygen concentration and oxygen flux in the [[Oroboros O2k]], this is an '''O2k-MultiSensor''' application. The [[O2k-FluoRespirometer]] fully supports the O2k-MultiSensor Modules. For some O2k-MultiSensor applications it is necessary to introduce one or more additional sensors into the chamber through a MultiSensor stopper. Optical applications require the standard black stoppers.tions require the standard black stoppers.)
  • TIP2k syringe blocked  + (When the '''TIP2k syringe is blocked''', it must not be used with the TIP2k, and specific cleaning instructions should be followed.)
  • Living Communications  + (With '''Living Communications''', [https:/With '''Living Communications''', [https://www.bioenergetics-communications.org/index.php/bec Bioenergetics Communications] (BEC) takes the next step from pre-print to re-print. The concept of ''Living Communications'' pursues a novel culture of scientific communication, addressing the conflict between long-term elaboration and validation of results versus sharing without delay improved methods and preliminary findings. Following the preprint concept, updates may be posted on the BEC website of the resource publication. Updated versions of Living Communications are submitted for Open Peer Review with full traceability. In contrast to static papers, evolution of ''Living Communications'' is more resourceful and efficient than a ‘new’ publication. ''Living Communications'' provide a pathway along the scientific culture of lively debate towards tested and trusted milestones of research, from pre-print to re-print, from initial steps to next steps.e-print, from initial steps to next steps.)
  • Internal flow  + (Within the system boundaries, irreversibleWithin the system boundaries, irreversible '''internal flows''', ''I''<sub>i</sub>,—including chemical reactions and the dissipation of internal gradients of heat and matter—contribute to internal entropy production, d<sub>i</sub>''S''/d''t''. In contrast, [[external flow]]s, ''I''<sub>e</sub>, of heat, work, and matter proceed reversibly across the system boundaries (of zero thickness). Flows are expressed in various [[format]]s per unit of time, with corresponding [[motive unit]]s [MU], such as chemical [mol], electrical [C], mass [kg]. Flow is an [[extensive quantity]], in contrast to [[flux]] as a [[specific quantity]].ecific quantity]].)
  • Liver mitochondria purification  + ([[Armstrong 2010 J Comp Physiol B]]: This paper describes a method for purification of rodent liver mitochdondria using relatively low-speed centrifugation through discontinuous Percoll gradients.)
  • File:MitoFitPreprints and BEC manuscript template.docx  + ([[Bioenergetics Communications]] and [[MitoFit Preprints]] manuscript template.)
  • ET-pathway competent state  + ([[Electron transfer pathway]] competent state, ''see'' '''[[Electron-transfer-pathway state]]'''.)
  • Duroquinol  + ([[Electron-transfer-pathway state |ET-path[[Electron-transfer-pathway state |ET-pathway level 2]] is supported by '''duroquinol''' DQ feeding electrons into Complex III (CIII) with further electron transfer to CIV and oxygen. Upstream pathways are inhibited by rotenone and malonic acid in the absence of other substrates linked to ET-pathways with entry into the Q-junction.T-pathways with entry into the Q-junction.)
  • Fluorometric dyes  + ([[Extrinsic fluorophores]]; fluorescent markers.)
  • SUIT-014  + ([[File: 1GM;2D;3P;4S;5U;6Rot-.png|400px]])
  • O2k-sV-Module  + ([[File:11200-01.jpg|180px|right]] The '''[[File:11200-01.jpg|180px|right]] </br>The '''O2k-sV-Module''' is the O2k small-volume module, comprised of two Duran® glass chambers of 12 mm inner diameter specifically developed to perform high-resolution respirometry with reduced amounts of biological sample, and all the components necessary for a smaller operation volume ''V'' of 0.5 mL. The current DatLab version is included in the delivery of this revolutionary module.the delivery of this revolutionary module.)
  • SUIT-033  + ([[File:1D.1;2PGM;3D2.5-.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-038 O2 mt D091  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;2H2O;2c;3M.2;3M.5;3M1;3M2;4P;5G;6S10;6S50;7Gp;8U;9Rot;10Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-041 O2 mt D096  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3AC;3c;4M2;5P;6S;7Rot;8Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-037 O2 mt D090  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M.2;4M.5;4M1;4M2;5P;6G;7S10;7S50;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-002 O2 mt D005  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama;12AsTm;13Azd.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-025  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Rot-.png|600px]])
  • SUIT-025 O2 mt D057  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Oct;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Rot;9Ama.png|600px]])
  • SUIT-002  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Oct;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot-.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-036 O2 mt D089  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c;4M.2;4M.5;4M1;4M2;5P;6G;7S10;7S50;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-040 O2 mt D094  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-040 O2 pfi D095  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-039 O2 mt D092  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8U;9Rot;10Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-039 O2 pfi D093  + ([[File:1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8U;9Rot;10Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-007  + ([[File:1G;2D;3M;4U-.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-014 O2 pfi D042  + ([[File:1GM;2D;2c;3P;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-021 O2 mt D035  + ([[File:1GM;2D;2c;3S;4Rot;5Omy;6U;7Ama.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-011 O2 pfi D024  + ([[File:1GM;2D;2c;3S;4U;5Rot;6Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-021  + ([[File:1GM;2D;3S;4Rot;5Omy;6U-.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-021 Fluo mt D036  + ([[File:1GM;2D;3S;4Rot;5Omy;6U;7Ama.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-011  + ([[File:1GM;2D;3S;4U;5Rot-.png|400px|SUIT-011]])
  • SUIT-018  + ([[File:1GMS;2D-.png|300px|SUIT-018]])
  • SUIT-018 O2 mt D054  + ([[File:1GMS;2D;2c;3Ama.png|290px]])
  • SUIT-018 AmR mt D031  + ([[File:1GMS;2D;3Ama.png|290px]])
  • SUIT-018 AmR mt D041  + ([[File:1GMS;2D;3Ama.png|290px]])
  • SUIT-018 AmR mt D040  + ([[File:1GMS;2D;3Ama.png|290px|SUIT-018]])
  • SUIT-027  + ([[File:1M;2D;3M;4P;5G-.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-017  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;2c;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-.png |355px]])
  • SUIT-017 O2 pfi D049  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;2c;3G;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama.png|350px]])
  • SUIT-005 O2 pfi D011  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;2c;3P;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama;8AsTm;9Azd.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-017 O2 mt D046  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;3G;3c;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama.png |350px]])
  • SUIT-015  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;3G;4P;5S;6U;7Rot-.png|451px]])
  • SUIT-015 O2 pti D043  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;3G;4P;5S;6U;7Rot;8Ama.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-016  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5Rot;6Omy;7U-.png|420px]])
  • SUIT-016 O2 pfi D044  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;3G;4S;5Rot;6Omy;7U;7c-8Ama.jpg|400px]])
  • SUIT-005  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;3P;4S;5U;6Rot-.png|300px]])
  • 1OctM;2D;3PG;4S;5U;6Rot-  + ([[File:1OctM;2D;3PG;4S;5U;6Rot-.png|300px]])
  • 1PGM;2D;3S;4Rot;5U-  + ([[File:1PGM;2D;3S;4Rot;5U-.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-028  + ([[File:1PGM;2D;3S;4U;5Rot-.png|400px|SUIT-028]])
  • SUIT-020 O2 mt D032  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3G;4S;5Rot;6Omy;7U;8Ama.png|500px]])
  • SUIT-008 O2 pfi D014  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3G;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama;8AsTm;9Azd.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-008 O2 mt D026  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3G;4S;5U;6Rot;7Ama;8AsTm;9Azd.png|600px]])
  • SUIT-012 O2 mt D027  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3G;4U;5Ama.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-006 O2 mt D047  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3Omy;4U;5Ama.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-031 O2 mt D075  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3S;4Rot;5U;6Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-001  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3U;4G;5S;6Oct;7Rot;8Gp-.png|400px|SUIT-001]])
  • SUIT-004 O2 pfi D010  + ([[File:1PM;2D;2c;3U;4S;5Rot;6Ama;7AsTm;8Azd.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-006 MgG mt D055  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3Cat;4U;5Ama.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-020  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3G;4S;5Rot;6Omy;7U-.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-020 Fluo mt D033  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3G;4S;5Rot;6Omy;7U;8Ama.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-008 O2 pce D25  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot-.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-008  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3G;4S;5U;6Rot.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-012  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3G;4U-.png|300px]])
  • 1PM;2D;3G;4U;5S;6Rot-  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3G;4U;5S;6Rot-.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-006 Fluo mt D034  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3Omy;4U;5Ama.png|300px]])
  • SUIT-006 AmR mt D048  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3Omy;4U;5Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-031  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3S;4Rot;5U;-.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-004  + ([[File:1PM;2D;3U;4S;5Rot.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-029 O2 mt D066  + ([[File:1PM;2T;2D;2c;3Omy;4U;5G;6S;6U;7Rot;8Ama.png|350px]])
  • SUIT-019 O2 pfi D045  + ([[File:1PalM;2D;2c;3Oct;4P;5G;6U;7S;8Rot;9Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-019  + ([[File:1PalM;2D;3Oct;4P;5G;6U;7S;8Rot-.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-009 O2 mt D015  + ([[File:1S;2D;2c;3P;4Rot;5Ama.png|400px|SUIT9]])
  • SUIT-009  + ([[File:1S;2D;3P;4Rot-.png|400px|SUIT9]])
  • SUIT-009 AmR mt D021  + ([[File:1S;2D;3P;4Rot;5Ama.png|400px|SUIT-009]])
  • SUIT-026 O2 mt D063  + ([[File:1S;2Rot;3D;3c;4Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-026  + ([[File:1S;2Rot;3D;4Ama.png|350px]])
  • SUIT-006 O2 mt D022  + ([[File:1SRot;2D;2c;3(Omy);4U;5Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-006  + ([[File:1X;2D;2c;3Omy;4U-.png|450px]])
  • SUIT-003 O2 ce D009  + ([[File:1ce;2ceOmy;3ceU-.jpg|450px]])
  • SUIT-003 Ce1;ce2U-  + ([[File:1ce;2ceU-.jpg|150px]])
  • SUIT-003 Ce1;ce3U-  + ([[File:1ce;3ceU-.jpg|150px]])
  • SUIT-032 NADH mt D078  + ([[File:1mt;1PGM;2D;3Anox;4Myx;5Reox.png|300px]])
  • Oxoglutarate  + ([[File:2-Oxoglutaric_acid.jpg|left|100px|2[[File:2-Oxoglutaric_acid.jpg|left|100px|2-Oxoglutaric acid]]</br>'''2-Oxoglutaric acid''' or alpha-ketoglutaric acid, C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''2-Oxoglutarate<sup>2-</sup>, Og'''. 2-Oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) is formed from isocitrate as a product of [[isocitrate dehydrogenase]] (IDH) in the [[TCA cycle]], and is a substrate of [[oxoglutarate dehydrogenase]] (OgDH). The 2-oxoglutarate carrier exchanges malate<sup>2-</sup> for 2-oxoglutarate<sup>2-</sup> as part of the [[malate-aspartate shuttle]]. In the cytosol, oxoglutarate+aspartate are transaminated to form oxaloacetate+glutamate. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase converts oxaloacetate+NADH to malate.transaminated to form oxaloacetate+glutamate. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase converts oxaloacetate+NADH to malate.)
  • Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Development  + ([[File:21640 - Mitochondria Targeted Thera[[File:21640 - Mitochondria Targeted Therapeutics logo NEW.jpg|200px|left|Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Development]]</br>The '''Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Development Summit''' was first established in 2021, as an online conference. Due to its success and unmatched focus, the 2<sup>nd</sup> edition returns to Boston this March 2022. </br>This is the only industry-led meeting that unites key stakeholders under a mutual and ambitious objective of '''accelerating the discovery and development of novel drugs that target mitochondrial functions''' for chronic, primary mitochondrial diseases, muscular dystrophy, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.</br>Join our speakers from '''GenSight Biologics, Abliva, Reneo Pharma, Mito BioPharma, Mitokinin''' and more with exciting networking opportunities, panel discussions and dedicated roundtables.tunities, panel discussions and dedicated roundtables.)
  • Screwdriver allen wrench  + ([[File:24330-02.jpg|right|180px]]'''Screwdriver allen wrench''', a standard component of the [[O2k-FluoRespirometer]] and [[O2k-sV-Module]].)
  • MultiSensor-Connector  + ([[File:30420-24 MultiSensorConnector.JPG|right|180px]] '''MultiSensor-Connector''': for separate reference electrode and [[ISE]]; only for O2k-Series B and Series C with MultiSensor electronic upgrading before 2011.)
  • MultiSensor-Preamplifier 1/100  + ([[File:30430--24 NO-Attachment.JPG|right|180px]] '''MultiSensor-Preamplifier 1/100''': Required only for O2k-Series A-C, for application of NO (or other amperometric) sensors (single chamber mode of application).)
  • TIP2k-Needle Safety Support with cable guide  + ([[File:31330-01 3.jpg|right|280px]] '''TIP2k-Needle Safety Support with cable guide''': for safe storage of TIP2k-needles and MultiSensor Modules cables when not required during the experiment.)
  • Storage box sV  + ([[File:32001-01.jpg|right|180px]]'''Storage box sV''' empty, for storage of [[O2k-sV-Module]] components.)
  • O2k-Chamber Holder sV  + ([[File:32100-01.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Chamber Holder sV''' (black POM) for PVDF or PEEK stoppers (0.5-mL [[O2k-chamber]]), with [[O-ring\Viton\16x2 mm]] and [[V-ring\30-35-4.5 mm]].)
  • POS-Holder sV  + ([[File:32300-01.jpg|right|180px]] '''POS-H[[File:32300-01.jpg|right|180px]]</br>'''POS-Holder sV''', made from black POM, to be screwed into the copper block of the [[O2k-Main Unit]], guiding the [[OroboPOS|POS]] to the [[O2k-Chamber sV]], and keeping the SmartPOS/OroboPOS-Connector in a fixed position for sealing the O2k-Chamber sV with the [[POS-Seal Tip]]. In addition, the POS-Holder sV fixes the O2k-Chamber sV in an accurate rotational position by pressing against the angular cut of the glass chamber.inst the angular cut of the glass chamber.)
  • O2k-Chamber sV  + ([[File:33100-01.jpg|right|180px]]'''O2k-Chamber sV''': 12 mm inner diameter, Duran® glass polished, with standard operation volume ''V'' of 0.5 mL.)
  • Stirrer-Bar sV\white PVDF\11.5x6.2 mm  + ([[File:33210-01.jpg|right|180px]]'''Stirre[[File:33210-01.jpg|right|180px]]'''Stirrer-Bar sV\white [[PVDF]]\11.5x6.2 mm''', operated in the 0.5-mL [[O2k-Chamber sV]] at constant stirring speed (standard is 750 rpm, or 12.5 Hz), to provide optimum mixing of the sample in the aqueous medium and ensure a stable signal of the polarographic oxygen sensor ([[OroboPOS]]) placed in a position of maximum current of the medium.position of maximum current of the medium.)
  • Stopper sV\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port  + ([[File:34000-01.jpg|right|180px]]'''Stoppe[[File:34000-01.jpg|right|180px]]'''Stopper sV\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port''': with conical shaft (with PTFE, graphite, carbon fiber) and one central capillary (1.0 mm diameter; 48.9 mm length), [[Volume-Calibration Ring sV]] (A or B) for volume adjustment 0.5 mL; 2 mounted O-rings ([[O-ring sV\Viton\9.5x1 mm]]).[[O-ring sV\Viton\9.5x1 mm]]).)
  • O-ring sV\Viton\9.5x1 mm  + ([[File:34310-02.jpg|right|180px]]'''O-ring sV\[[Viton]]\9.5x1 mm''', for [[Stopper sV\black PEEK\conical Shaft\central Port | PEEK Stopper sV]], 2 are mounted on each PEEK Stopper sV, box of 8 as spares.)
  • Asia Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine  + ([[File:ASMRM LOGO.JPG|200px|left]]The '''Asia Society for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (ASMRM) was founded in 2003 to share the latest knowledge on mitochondrial research.)
  • Acetyl-CoA  + ([[File:Acetyl coenzyme A 700.png|left|200p[[File:Acetyl coenzyme A 700.png|left|200px|acetyl-CoA]]'''Acetyl-CoA''', C<sub>23</sub>H<sub>38</sub>N<sub>7</sub>O<sub>17</sub>P<sub>3</sub>S, is a central piece in metabolism involved in several biological processes, but its main role is to deliver the acetyl group into the [[TCA cycle]] for its oxidation. It can be synthesized in different pathways: (i) in glycolysis from [[pyruvate]], by pyruvate dehydrogenase, which also forms NADH; (ii) from fatty acids β-oxidation, which releases one acetyl-CoA each round; (iii) in the catabolism of some amino acids such as leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.</br><br>In the mitochondrial matrix, acetyl-CoA is condensed with [[oxaloacetate]] to form [[citrate]] through the action of [[citrate synthase]] in the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]]. Acetyl-CoA cannot cross the mitochondrial inner membrane but citrate can be transported out of the mitochondria. In the cytosol, citrate can be converted to acetyl-CoA and be used in the synthesis of fatty acid, cholesterol, ketone bodies, acetylcholine, and other processes. and be used in the synthesis of fatty acid, cholesterol, ketone bodies, acetylcholine, and other processes.)
  • Aconitase  + ([[File:Aconitase.jpg|right|500px|aconitase[[File:Aconitase.jpg|right|500px|aconitase]]'''Aconitase''' is a [[TCA cycle]] enzyme that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of [[citrate]] to [[isocitrate]]. Also, an isoform is also present in the cytosol acting as a trans-regulatory factor that controls iron homeostasis at a post-transcriptional level.<br>tasis at a post-transcriptional level.<br>)
  • Cardiovascular Exercise Research Group  + ([[File:CERG.gif|200px|left|CERG]] The '''C[[File:CERG.gif|200px|left|CERG]]</br>The '''Cardiovascular Exercise Research Group''' (CERG) was established in January 2008 and their research focuses on identifying the key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on the heart, arteries and skeletal muscle in the context of disease prevention and management through experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies. </br>Since 2003 this research group organizes the biennial seminar [http://www.ntnu.edu/cerg/seminar-2013 "Exercise in Medicine"] in Trondheim, Norway.ercise in Medicine"] in Trondheim, Norway.)
  • Complex II ambiguities  + ([[File:CII-ambiguities Graphical abstract.[[File:CII-ambiguities Graphical abstract.png|300px|left|link=Gnaiger 2023 MitoFit CII]]The current narrative that the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 feed electrons from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle into the mitochondrial electron transfer system can create ambiguities around respiratory Complex CII. Succinate dehydrogenase or CII reduces FAD to FADH2 in the canonical forward TCA cycle. However, some graphical representations of the membrane-bound electron transfer system (ETS) depict CII as the site of oxidation of FADH2. This leads to the false believe that FADH2 generated by electron transferring flavoprotein (CETF) in fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (CGpDH) feeds electrons into the ETS through CII. In reality, NADH and succinate produced in the TCA cycle are the substrates of Complexes CI and CII, respectively, and the reduced flavin groups FMNH2 and FADH2 are downstream products of CI and CII, respectively, carrying electrons from CI and CII into the Q-junction. Similarly, CETF and CGpDH feed electrons into the Q-junction but not through CII. The ambiguities surrounding Complex II in the literature call for quality control, to secure scientific standards in current communications on bioenergetics and support adequate clinical applications.nd support adequate clinical applications.)
  • Complex II  + ([[File:CII.png |right|200px|link=Gnaiger 2[[File:CII.png |right|200px|link=Gnaiger 2023 MitoFit CII]]</br>'''Complex II''' or '''succinate:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR)''' is the only membrane-bound enzyme in the [[TCA cycle]] and is part of the [[electron transfer pathway]]. The reversible oxidoreduction of succinate and fumarate is catalyzed in a soluble domain and coupled to the reversible oxidoreduction of quinol and quinone in the mitochondrial inner membrane. CII consists in most species of four subunits. The flavoprotein [[succinate dehydrogenase]] is the largest polypeptide of CII, located on the matrix face of the mt-inner membrane. Succinate:quinone oxidoreductases (SQRs, SDHABCD) favour oxidation of succinate and reduction of quinone in the canonical forward direction of the TCA cycle and electron transfer into the [[Q-junction]]. In contrast, quinol:fumarate reductases (QFRs, fumarate reductases, FRDABCD) tend to operate in the reverse direction reducing fumarate and oxidizing quinol.on reducing fumarate and oxidizing quinol.)
  • SUIT-007 O2 ce-pce D030  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1G;2D;2c;3M;4U;5Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-027 O2 ce-pce D065  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1M;2D;3M;4P;5G;6Ama.png|500px]])
  • SUIT-006 O2 ce-pce D029  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3Omy;4U;5Ama.png|600px]])
  • SUIT-031 O2 ce-pce D079  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1PM;2D;2c;3S;4Rot;5U;6Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-024  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1PM;2T;2D;3Omy-.png|410px]])
  • SUIT-024 O2 ce-pce D056  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1PM;2T;2D;3Omy;4Ama.png|410px]])
  • SUIT-031 Q ce-pce D074  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1Q2;1PM;2D;3S;4Rot;5U;6Anox;7Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-009 O2 ce-pce D016  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1S;2D;2c;3P;4Rot;5Ama.png|520px|SUIT-009]])
  • SUIT-009 AmR ce-pce D019  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1S;2D;3P;4Rot;5Ama.png|520px|SUIT9]])
  • SUIT-026 AmR ce-pce D087  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;1S;2Rot;3D;4Ama.png|600px]])
  • SUIT-018 AmR ce-pce D068  + ([[File:Ce1;1Dig;2GMS;3D;4Ama.png|290px]])
  • SUIT-003 O2 ce D037  + ([[File:Ce1;ce1Glc;ce2(Omy);ce3U;ce4Ama.png|350px]])
  • SUIT-003 O2 ce-pce D018  + ([[File:Ce1;ce1P;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Glc;ce5Rot;ce6S;1Dig;1U;1c;2Ama;3AsTm;4Azd.png|600px]])
  • SUIT-003 O2 ce D012  + ([[File:Ce1;ce1P;ce2Omy;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|400px]])
  • SUIT-003 Ce1;ce1SD;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama  + ([[File:Ce1;ce1SD;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5Ama.png|200px]])
  • SUIT-003  + ([[File:Ce1;ce2(Omy);ce3U-.png|250px]] [[File:Ce5S;1Dig;1c-.png|250px]])
  • SUIT-003 O2 ce D038  + ([[File:Ce1;ce2(Omy);ce3U;ce3Glc;ce3'U;ce4Ama.png|350px]])
  • SUIT-003 Ce1;ce2U;ce3Rot;ce4S;ce5Ama  + ([[File:Ce1;ce2U;ce3Rot;ce4S;ce5Ama.png|200px]])
  • SUIT-003 Ce1;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5S;ce6Ama  + ([[File:Ce1;ce3U;ce4Rot;ce5S;ce6Ama.png|200px]])
  • Cell Symposia  + ([[File:CellSymposiaLogo.jpg|90px]] Organized by the editors of Cell Press's leading journals, '''Cell Symposia''' bring together exceptional speakers and scientists to discuss topics at the forefront of scientific research.)
  • Chemical background  + ([[File:Chb.png|100px|https://wiki.oroboros[[File:Chb.png|100px|https://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/File:Chb.png]] '''Chemical background''' ''Chb'' is due to autooxidation of the reagents. During CIV assays, ascorbate and TMPD are added to maintain cytochrome ''c'' in a reduced state. External cytochrome ''c'' may be included in the CIV assay. The autooxidation of these compounds is linearly oxygen-dependent down to approximately 50 µM oxygen and responsible for the chemical background oxygen flux after the inhibition of CIV. Oxygen flux due to the chemical reaction of autooxidation must be corrected for the [[Oxygen flux - instrumental background|instrumental O2 background]]. The correction for chemical background is necessary to determine CIV activity, in which case the instrumental O2 background and chemical background may be combined in an overall correction term.be combined in an overall correction term.)
  • Citrate  + ([[File:Citrate 300 (1).png|left|100px|citr[[File:Citrate 300 (1).png|left|100px|citrate]]'''citrate''', C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>-3</sup>, is a tricarboxylic acid trianion, intermediate of the TCA cycle, obtained by deprotonation of the three carboxy groups of citric acid. Citrate is formed from [[oxaloacetate]] and acetyl-CoA through the catalytic activity of the [[citrate synthase]]. In the TCA cycle, citrate forms isocitrate by the activity of the [[aconitase]]. Citrate can be transported out of the mitochondria by the tricarboxylate transport, situated in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The transport occurs as an antiport of malate from the cytosol and it is a key process for fatty acid and oxaloacetate synthesis in the cytosol. <br>ol and it is a key process for fatty acid and oxaloacetate synthesis in the cytosol. <br>)
  • Coenzyme Q2  + ([[File:Coenzyme Q2.png|left|200px|CoQ<s[[File:Coenzyme Q2.png|left|200px|CoQ<sub>2</sub>]]'''Coenzyme Q<sub>2</sub>''' or ubiquinone-2 (CoQ<sub>2</sub>) is a [[quinone]] derivate composed of a benzoquinone ring with an isoprenoid side chain consisting of two isoprenoid groups, with two methoxy groups, and with one methyl group. In HRR it is used as a Q-mimetic to detect the redox changes of [[coenzyme Q]] at the [[Q-junction]] in conjunction with the [[Q-Module]], since the naturally occurring long-chain coenzyme Q (e.g. CoQ<sub>10</sub>) is trapped within membrane boundaries. CoQ<sub>2</sub> can react both with mitochondrial complexes (e.g. [[CI]], [[CII]] and [[CIII]]) at their quinone-binding sites and with the [[Three-electrode system |detecting electrode]].[[Three-electrode system |detecting electrode]].)
  • Company of Scientists  + ([[File:Company-of-Scientists logo.jpg|left|140px|link=http://www.company-of-scientists.com|Company of Scientists]] The '''Company of Scientists''' evolves as a concept for implementing scientific innovations on the market.)
  • Unit  + ([[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|lin[[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|link=Elementary entity]]</br>A '''unit''' is defined as 'a single individual thing' in Euclid's ''Elements'' (Book VII). This defines the [[elementary entity]] ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> of entity-type ''X'' (thing). The [[International System of Units]] defines the unit as 'simply a particular example of the quantity concerned which is used as a reference'. Then the ''value'' of a quantity ''Q'' is the product of a number ''N'' and a unit ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub>. The symbols ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> and ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub> are chosen here with ''U'' and ''u'' for 'unit': ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is the Euclidean or entetic unit ('eunit'), and ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub> is the abstract unit ('aunit'). Subscripts ''X'' and ''Q'' for 'entity-type' and 'quantity-type' reflect perhaps even more clearly than words the contrasting meanings of the two fundamental definitions of an entetic versus abstract 'unit'. The term 'unit' with its dual meanings is used and confused in practical language and the scientific literature today. In the elementary entity ''U''<sub>''X''</sub>, the unit (the 'one') relates to the entity-type ''X'', to the single individual thing (single individual or undivided; the root of the word ''thing'' has the meaning of 'assembly'). The quantity involved in the unit of a single thing is the ''count'', ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> = ''N''·''U''<sub>''X''</sub> [x]. In contrast to counting, a unit ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub> is linked to the measurement of quantities ''Q''<sub>''u''</sub> = ''N''·''u''<sub>''Q''</sub>, such as volume, mass, energy; and these quantities — and hence the units ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub> — are abstracted from entity-types, pulled away from the world of real things. The new SI (2019-05-20) has completed this total abstraction of units, from the previous necessity to not only provide a quantitative definition but also a physical realization of a unit in the form of an 'artefact', such as the international prototype (IPK) for the unit kilogram. The new definitions of the base SI units are independent of any physical realization: ''u''<sub>''Q''</sub> is separate from ''X''. The classical unit of Euklid is the elementary unit for counting, entirely independent of measuring. Therefore, the quantity [[count]] is unique with respect to two properties: (''1'') in contrast to all other quantities in the metric system, the count depends on quantization of entities ''X''; and (''2'') in the SI, the '''N'''umber 1 is the '''U'''nit of the '''C'''ount of '''entities''' — NUCE.ntrast to all other quantities in the metric system, the count depends on quantization of entities ''X''; and (''2'') in the SI, the '''N'''umber 1 is the '''U'''nit of the '''C'''ount of '''entities''' — NUCE.)
  • Elementary entity  + ([[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|lin[[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|link=Unit]]</br>An '''elementary entity''' is an [[entity]] of type ''X'', distinguished as a single ''[[unit]]'' of countable objects (''X'' = molecules, cells, organisms, particles, parties, items) or events (''X'' = beats, collisions, emissions, decays, celestial cycles, instances, occurrences, parties). "An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles" ([[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019 The International System of Units (SI) |Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 2019)]]. An elementary entity, therefore, needs to be distinguished from non-countable entities and the general class of entities ''X''. This distinction is emphasized by the term 'elementary' (synonymous with 'elementary entity') with symbol ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> and [[unit |elementary unit]] [x].</br></br>If an object is defined as an assembly of particles (a party of two, a molecule as the assembly of a stoichiometric number of atoms), then the elementary is the assembly but not the assembled particle. A number of defined elementaries ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is a [[count]], ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> = ''N''·''U''<sub>''X''</sub> [x], where ''N'' is a number, and as such ''N'' is dimensionless, and ''N'' is a ''number'' (stop) and is not 'a number of ..'. Elementaries are added as items to a count. The elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> has the [[dimension]] U of the [[count]] ''N''<sub>''X''</sub>. The elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> has the same unit [x] as the count ''N''<sub>''X''</sub>, or more accurately it gives the count the defining 'counting-unit', which is the 'elementary unit' [x]. From the definition of count as the number (''N'') of elementaries (''U'') of entity type ''X'', it follows that count divided by elementary is a pure number, ''N'' = ''N''<sub>''X''</sub>·''U''<sub>''X''</sub><sup>-1</sup>. The unit x of a count can neither be the entity ''X'' nor a number. The elementary of type ''X'' defines the identity ''X'' of the elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> with the unit 'elementary unit' with symbol [x]. Since a count ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> is the number of elementary entities, the elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is not a count (''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is not identical with ''N''·''U''<sub>''X''</sub>).''N''<sub>''X''</sub> is the number of elementary entities, the elementary ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is not a count (''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is not identical with ''N''·''U''<sub>''X''</sub>).)
  • Count  + ([[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|lin[[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|link=Number]]</br>'''Count''' ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> is the [[number]] ''N'' of elementary entities of [[entity]]-type ''X''. The single [[elementary entity]] ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> is a countable object or event. ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> is the number of objects of type ''X'', whereas the term 'entity' and symbol ''X'' are frequently used and understood in dual-message code indicating both (''1'') the entity-type ''X'' and (''2'') a count of ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> = 1 x for a single elementary entity ''U''<sub>''X''</sub>. 'Count' is synonymous with 'number of entities' (number of particles such as molecules, or objects such as cells). Count is one of the most fundamental quantities in all areas of physics to biology, sociology, economy and philosophy, including all perspectives of the statics of countable objects to the dynamics of countable events. The term 'number of entities' can be used in short for 'number of elementary entities', since only elementary entities can be counted, and as long as it is clear from the context, that it is not the number of different entity types that are the object of the count.rom the context, that it is not the number of different entity types that are the object of the count.)
  • Elementary unit  + ([[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|lin[[File:Count-vs-number.png|right|120px|link=Elementary entity]]The '''elementary unit''' [x] is the unit of a [[count]] ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> [x]. The [[International System of Units]] defines the unit of a count as 1. Then the '''N'''umber 1 is the '''U'''nit of the '''C'''ount of '''E'''ntities — NUCE. This causes a number of formal inconsistencies which are resolved by introducing the elementary unit [x] as the abstracted unit of Euclid’s unit, which is an [[elementary entity]] ''U''<sub>''X''</sub> [x], and as the unit of Euclid’s number, which is a count ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> [x].it of Euclid’s number, which is a count ''N''<sub>''X''</sub> [x].)
  • DORA  + ([[File:Dorabadge5.png|150px|right]] The Declaration on Research Assessment '''DORA''' recognizes the need to improve the ways in which researchers and the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated.)
  • Level flow  + ([[File:E.jpg |link=ET capacity]] '''Level [[File:E.jpg |link=ET capacity]] '''Level flow''' is a [[steady state]] of a system with an input process coupled to an output process (coupled system), in which the output force is zero. ''Clearly, energy must be expended to maintain level flow, even though output is zero'' (Caplan and Essig 1983; referring to zero output force, while output flow may be maximum). force, while output flow may be maximum).)
  • Noncoupled respiration  + ([[File:E.jpg |link=ET capacity]] '''Noncou[[File:E.jpg |link=ET capacity]] '''Noncoupled respiration''' is distinguished from general (pharmacological or mechanical) [[uncoupled respiration]], to give a label to an effort to reach the state of maximum uncoupler-activated respiration without inhibiting respiration. Noncoupled respiration, therefore, yields an estimate of [[ET capacity]]. Experimentally uncoupled respiration may fail to yield an estimate of ET capacity, due to inhibition of respiration above optimum uncoupler concentrations or insufficient stimulation by sub-optimal uncoupler concentrations. Optimum uncoupler concentrations for evaluation of (noncoupled) ET capacity require inhibitor titrations ([[Steinlechner-Maran 1996 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol]]; [[Huetter 2004 Biochem J]]; [[Gnaiger 2008 POS]]). </br></br>Noncoupled respiration is maximum [[electron flow]] in an open-transmembrane proton circuit mode of operation (see [[ET capacity]]).</br>» [[#Is_respiration_uncoupled_-_noncoupled_-_dyscoupled.3F |'''MiPNet article''']][#Is_respiration_uncoupled_-_noncoupled_-_dyscoupled.3F |'''MiPNet article''']])
  • State 3u  + ([[File:E.jpg |link=ET capacity]] Noncouple[[File:E.jpg |link=ET capacity]] Noncoupled state of [[ET capacity]]. '''State 3u''' (u for uncoupled) has been used frequently in bioenergetics, without sufficient emphasis [[Villani 1998 J Biol Chem|(e.g. Villani et al 1998)]] on the fundamental difference between [[OXPHOS capacity]] (''P'', coupled with an uncoupled contribution; State 3) and noncoupled [[ET capacity]] (''E''; State 3u) ([[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]; [[Rasmussen 2000 Mol Cell Biochem|Rasmussen and Rasmussen 2000]]).[[Rasmussen 2000 Mol Cell Biochem|Rasmussen and Rasmussen 2000]]).)
  • ET capacity  + ([[File:E.jpg]] '''T capacity''' is the res[[File:E.jpg]] '''T capacity''' is the respiratory electron-transfer-pathway capacity ''E'' of mitochondria measured as oxygen consumption in the noncoupled state at optimum [[uncoupler]] concentration. This optimum concentration is obtained by stepwise titration of an established protonophore to induce maximum oxygen flux as the determinant of ET capacity. The experimentally induced noncoupled state at optimum uncoupler concentration is thus distinguished from (''1'') a wide range of uncoupled states at any experimental uncoupler concentration, (''2'') physiological uncoupled states controlled by intrinsic uncoupling (e.g. UCP1 in brown fat), and (''3'') pathological dyscoupled states indicative of mitochondrial injuries or toxic effects of pharmacological or environmental substances. ET capacity in mitochondrial preparations requires the addition of defined fuel substrates to establish an ET-pathway competent state.</br>» [[#Why ET capacity, why not State 3u.3F | '''MiPNet article''']][#Why ET capacity, why not State 3u.3F | '''MiPNet article''']])
  • EUROMIT  + ([[File:EUROMIT.jpg|left|250px]] '''EUROMIT''' is a group based in Europe for organizing '''International Meetings on Mitochondrial Pathology'''.)
  • Ethanol  + ([[File:Ethanol.png|left|80px|Ethanol]] <[[File:Ethanol.png|left|80px|Ethanol]]</br><div></br></div><div>'''Ethanol''' or ethyl alcohol, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O or EtOH, is widely used in the laboratory, particularly as a solvent and cleaning agent. There are different grades of high purity ethanol. Up to a purity of 95.6 % ethanol can be separated from water by destillation. Higher concentrations than 95% require usage of additives that disrupt the azeotrope composition and allow further distillation. Ethanol is qualified as "absolute" if it contains no more than one percent water. Whenever 'ethanol abs.' is mentioned without further specification in published protocols, it refers to ≥ 99 % ethanol a.r. (analytical reagent grade).</br></br></div><div></br></br></div><div></div>s to ≥ 99 % ethanol a.r. (analytical reagent grade). </div><div> </div><div></div>)
  • Glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state  + ([[File:G.jpg|left|200px|G]] '''G''': [[Glu[[File:G.jpg|left|200px|G]] '''G''': [[Glutamate]] is an [[Anaplerotic pathway control state |anaplerotic]] [[Electron-transfer-pathway state |NADH-linked type 4 substrate]] (N). When supplied as the sole fuel substrate in the '''glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state''', G is transported by the electroneutral glutamate-/OH- exchanger, and is oxidised via mt-[[glutamate dehydrogenase]] in the mitochondrial matrix. The G-pathway plays an important role in [[glutaminolysis]].[[glutaminolysis]].)
  • GM-pathway control state  + ([[File:GM.jpg|left|200px|GM]] '''GM''': [[[[File:GM.jpg|left|200px|GM]] '''GM''': [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state]]</br></br>The '''GM-pathway control state''' (glutamate-malate pathway control state) is established when glutamate&malate are added to isolated mitochondria, permeabilized cells and other mitochondrial preparations. Glutamate and transaminase are responsible for the metabolism of [[oxaloacetate]], comparable to the metabolism with acetyl-CoA and citrate synthase.e metabolism with acetyl-CoA and citrate synthase.)
  • GMS-pathway control state  + ([[File:GMS.jpg|left|200px|GMS]]'''GMS''': [[File:GMS.jpg|left|200px|GMS]]'''GMS''': [[Glutamate]] & [[Malate]] & [[Succinate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control:''' NS</br></br>Transaminase catalyzes the reaction from oxaloacetate to 2-oxoglutarate, which then establishes a cycle without generation of citrate. OXPHOS is higher with GS (CI&II) compared to GM (CI) or SRot (CII). This documents an additive effect of convergent CI&II electron flow to the Q-junction, with consistent results obtained with permeabilized muscle fibres and isolated mitochondria (Gnaiger 2009).ed muscle fibres and isolated mitochondria (Gnaiger 2009).)
  • Glutamate  + ([[File:Glutamic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Glutam[[File:Glutamic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Glutamic acid]]'''Glutamic acid''', C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>, is an amino acid which occurs under physiological conditions mainly as the anion '''glutamate<sup>-</sup>, G''', with ''p''K<sub>a1</sub> = 2.1, ''p''K<sub>a2</sub> = 4.07 and ''p''K<sub>a3</sub> = 9.47. Glutamate&malate is a substrate combination supporting an N-linked pathway control state, when glutamate is transported into the mt-matrix via the [[glutamate-aspartate carrier]] and reacts with [[oxaloacetate]] in the transaminase reaction to form aspartate and [[oxoglutarate]]. Glutamate as the sole substrate is transported by the electroneutral glutamate<sup>-</sup>/OH<sup>-</sup> exchanger, and is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix by [[glutamate dehydrogenase]] to α-ketoglutarate ([[oxoglutarate|2-oxoglutarate]]), representing the [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]]. Ammonia (the byproduct of the reaction) passes freely through the mitochondrial membrane.[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]]. Ammonia (the byproduct of the reaction) passes freely through the mitochondrial membrane.)
  • Glycerophosphate shuttle  + ([[File:Gp-shuttle.jpg|left|200px|Gp]] The [[File:Gp-shuttle.jpg|left|200px|Gp]]</br>The '''glycerophosphate shuttle''' makes cytoplasmic NADH available for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Cytoplasmic NADH reacts with dihydroxyacetone phosphate catalyzed by cytoplasmic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. On the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, [[glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex]] (mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase) oxidizes glycerophosphate back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a reaction not generating NADH but reducing a flavin prosthesic group. The reduced flavoprotein transfers its reducing equivalents into the [[Q-junction]], thus representing a [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].[[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET pathway level 3 control state]].)
  • Water  + ([[File:H2O.jpg|left|60px|Water]] '''Water'[[File:H2O.jpg|left|60px|Water]]</br>'''Water''', H<sub>2</sub>O, is widely used in the laboratory, particularly as a solvent and cleaning agent. Chemically pure water is prepared in various grades of purification: double distilled water (ddH<sub>2</sub>O) versus distilled water (dH<sub>2</sub>O or [[aqua destillata]], a.d.) and deionized or demineralized water (diH<sub>2</sub>O) with various combination purification methods. When H<sub>2</sub>O is mentioned without further specification in published protocols, it is frequently assumed that the standards of each laboratory are applied as to the quality of purified water. Purification is not only to be controlled with respect to salt content and corresponding electrical conductivity (ultra-pure water: 5.5 μS/m due to H<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>-</sup> ions), but also in terms of microbial contamination. 5.5 μS/m due to H<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>-</sup> ions), but also in terms of microbial contamination.)
  • Hydrogen peroxide  + ([[File:H2O2.jpg|left|60px|Hydrogen peroxid[[File:H2O2.jpg|left|60px|Hydrogen peroxide]]</br>'''Hydrogen peroxide''', H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> or dihydrogen dioxide, is one of several reactive oxygen intermediates generally referred to as [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS). It is formed in various enzyme-catalyzed reactions (''e.g.'', [[superoxide dismutase]]) with the potential to damage cellular molecules and structures. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is dismutated by [[catalase]] to water and [[oxygen]]. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is produced as a signaling molecule in aerobic metabolism and passes membranes more easily compared to other ROS. is produced as a signaling molecule in aerobic metabolism and passes membranes more easily compared to other ROS.)
  • International Mito Patients (IMP)  + ([[File:IMP LOGO.JPG|150px]]The '''Internat[[File:IMP LOGO.JPG|150px]]The '''International Mito Patients''' is a network of national patient organizations involved in mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrial disease is a rare disease with a limited number of patients per country. The national patient organizations which are a member of IMP each are active and powerful in their own countries. By joining forces IMP can represent a large group of patients and as such be their voice on an international level. be their voice on an international level.)
  • IRDiRC  + ([[File:IRDiRC.png|150px]] The Internationa[[File:IRDiRC.png|150px]] The International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) teams up researchers and organizations investing in rare diseases research in order to achieve two main objectives by the year 2020, namely to deliver 200 new therapies for rare diseases and means to diagnose most rare diseases. and means to diagnose most rare diseases.)
  • International Society for Mountain Medicine  + ([[File:ISMM.jpg|150px|left|ISMM]]The '''International Society for Mountain Medicine''' is an interdisciplinary society comprising about xx members worldwide. Its purpose is ..)
  • International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue  + ([[File:ISOTT LOGO.jpg|200px|left]] The '''[[File:ISOTT LOGO.jpg|200px|left]]</br>The '''International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue''' is an interdisciplinary society comprising about 250 members worldwide. Its purpose is to further the understanding of all aspects of the processes involved in the transport of oxygen from the air to its ultimate consumption in the cells of the various organs of the body. Founded in 1973, the society has been the leading platform for the presentation of many of the technological and conceptual developments within the field both at the meetings themselves and in the proceedings of the society.ves and in the proceedings of the society.)
  • Isocitrate  + ([[File:Isocitrate.png|left|100px|isocitrat[[File:Isocitrate.png|left|100px|isocitrate]]'''isocitrate''', C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>-3</sup>, is a tricarboxylic acid trianion, intermediate of the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle|TCA cycle]], obtained by isomerization of citrate. The process is catalyzed by [[aconitase]], forming the enzyme-bound intermediate ''cis''-aconitate.[[aconitase]], forming the enzyme-bound intermediate ''cis''-aconitate.)
  • E-L coupling efficiency  + ([[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|E-L coupling effic[[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|E-L coupling efficiency]] The '''''E-L'' coupling efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-L</sub>'' = (''E-L'')/''E'' = 1-''L/E'', is 0.0 at zero coupling (''L''=''E'') and 1.0 at the limit of a fully coupled system (''L''=0). The background state is the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state which is stimulated to flux in the [[electron transfer pathway]] reference state by [[uncoupler]] titration. LEAK states ''L''<sub>N</sub> or ''L''<sub>T</sub> may be stimulated first by saturating ADP (rate ''P'' in the OXPHOS state) with subsequent uncoupler titration to the ET state with maximum rate ''E''. The ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is based on measurement of a [[coupling-control ratio]] ([[LEAK-control ratio]], ''L/E''), whereas the thermodynamic or [[ergodynamic efficiency]] of coupling between ATP production (phosphorylation of ADP to ATP) and oxygen consumption is based on measurement of the output/input flux ratio (P»/O<sub>2</sub> ratio) and output/input force ratio (Gibbs force of phosphorylation/Gibbs force of oxidation). The [[biochemical coupling efficiency]] expressed as the ''E-L'' coupling efficiency is independent of kinetic control by the ''E-P'' control efficiency, and is equal to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]] if ''P=E'' as evaluated in a [[coupling-control protocol]].</br>» [[#Biochemical_coupling_efficiency:_from_0_to_.3C1 | '''MiPNet article''']]#Biochemical_coupling_efficiency:_from_0_to_.3C1 | '''MiPNet article''']])
  • Biochemical coupling efficiency  + ([[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|link=E-L coupling [[File:J(E-L).jpg|50 px|link=E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]] The '''biochemical coupling efficiency''' is the [[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]], (''E-L'')/''E'' = 1-''L/E''. This is equivalent to the [[P-L control efficiency |''P-L'' control efficiency]], (''P-L'')/''P'' = 1-''L/P'', only at zero [[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]], when ''P'' = ''E''). The biochemical coupling efficiency is independent of kinetic control by the phosphorylation system.tic control by the phosphorylation system.)
  • E-P control efficiency  + ([[File:J(E-P).jpg|50 px|E-P control effici[[File:J(E-P).jpg|50 px|E-P control efficiency]] The '''''E-P'' control efficiency''', ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = (''E-P'')/''E'' = 1-''P/E'', is an expression of the relative limitation of [[OXPHOS capacity]] by the capacity of the [[phosphorylation system]]. It is the normalized ''E-P'' excess capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = 0.0 when OXPHOS capacity is not limited by the phosphorylation system at zero ''E-P'' excess capacity, ''P''=''E'', when the phosphorylation system does not exert any control over OXPHOS capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' increases with increasing control of the phosphorylation system over OXPHOS capacity. ''j<sub>E-P</sub>'' = 1 at the limit of zero phosphorylation capacity. The [[OXPHOS]] state of mt-preparations is stimulated to [[electron transfer pathway]] capacity ''E'' by [[uncoupler]] titration, which yields the [[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]].[[E-P excess capacity |''E-P'' excess capacity]].)
  • P-L control efficiency  + ([[File:J(P-L).jpg|50 px|P-L control effici[[File:J(P-L).jpg|50 px|P-L control efficiency]] The '''''P-L'' control efficiency''' (''P-L'' flux control efficiency) is defined as ''j<sub>P-L</sub>'' = (''P-L'')/''P'' = 1-''L/P''. [[OXPHOS capacity]] corrected for [[LEAK respiration]] is the [[P-L net OXPHOS capacity]], ''P-L''. The ''P-L'' control efficiency is the ratio of net to total OXPHOS capacity, which is equal to the biochemical ''E-L'' coupling efficiency, if ''P''=''E''. ''j<sub>P-L</sub>'' = 1.0 for a fully coupled system (when RCR approaches infinity); ''j<sub>P-L</sub>'' = 0.0 (RCR=1) for a system with zero respiratory phosphorylation capacity (''P-L''=0) or zero [[E-L coupling efficiency |''E-L'' coupling efficiency]] (''E-L''=0 when ''L''=''P''=''E''). If [[State 3]] is measured at saturating concentrations of ADP and P<sub>i</sub> (State 3 = ''P''), then the [[respiratory acceptor control ratio]] RCR equals ''P/L''. Under these conditions, the respiratory control ratio and ''P-L'' control efficiency are related by a hyperbolic function, ''j<sub>P-L</sub>'' = 1-RCR<sup>-1</sup>.</br>» [[#Cell ergometry: OXPHOS-control and ET-coupling efficiency |'''MiPNet article''']][#Cell ergometry: OXPHOS-control and ET-coupling efficiency |'''MiPNet article''']])
  • R-L control efficiency  + ([[File:J(R-L).jpg|50 px|R-L ROUTINE-coupli[[File:J(R-L).jpg|50 px|R-L ROUTINE-coupling efficiency]]</br>The '''''R-L'' control efficiency''', ''j<sub>R-L</sub>'' = (''R-L'')/''R'' = 1-''L/R'', is the fraction of [[ROUTINE respiration]] coupled to phosphorylation in living cells. ROUTINE respiration is corrected for [[LEAK respiration]] to obtain the [[R-L net ROUTINE capacity |''R-L'' net ROUTINE capacity]]. The flux control efficiency ''j<sub>R-L</sub>'' is the ''R-L'' net ROUTINE capacity normalized for the reference rate ''R''. The background state is the [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state, and the flux control variable is stimulation to ROUTINE respiration by physiologically controlled ATP turnover in living cells.ration by physiologically controlled ATP turnover in living cells.)
  • Japanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine  + ([[File:J-mit.png|100px|left]]The '''Japane[[File:J-mit.png|100px|left]]The '''Japanese Society of Mitochondrial Research and Medicine''' (J-mit) was founded to share the latest knowledge on mitochondrial research. J-mit is the biggest Asian society of mitochondrial research and medicine and is a member of [[ASMRM]].[[ASMRM]].)
  • State 4  + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''S[[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''State 4''' is the [[respiratory state]] obtained in isolated mitochondria after [[State 3]], when added [[ADP]] is phosphorylated maximally to [[ATP]] driven by electron transfer from defined respiratory substrates to O<sub>2</sub> ([[Chance 1955 JBC-III|Chance and Williams, 1955]]). State 4 represents [[LEAK respiration]], ''L''<sub>T</sub> (''L'' for [[LEAK respiration]]; T for ATP), or an overestimation of LEAK respiration if [[ATPase]] activity prevents final accumulation of ATP and maintains a continuous stimulation of respiration by recycled ADP. This can be tested by inhibition of ATP synthase by [[oligomycin]]; ''L''<sub>Omy</sub>). In the [[LEAK state]] (state of non-phosphorylating resting respiration; static head), oxygen flux is decreased to a minimum (corrected for [[ROX]]), and the [[mt-membrane potential]] is increased to a maximum for a specific substrate or substrate combination.] is increased to a maximum for a specific substrate or substrate combination.)
  • Static head  + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''S[[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] '''Static head''' is a [[steady state]] of a system with an input process coupled to an output process (coupled system), in which the output force is maximized at constant input or driving force up to a level at which the conjugated output flow is reduced to zero. ''In an incompletely coupled system, energy must be expended to maintain static head, even though the output is zero'' (Caplan and Essig 1983; referring to output flow at maximum output force). [[LEAK respiration]] is a measure of input flow at static head, when the output flow of phosphorylation (ADP->ATP) is zero at maximum phosphorylation potential (Gibbs force of phosphorylation; [[Gnaiger_1993_Hypoxia|Gnaiger 1993a]]). </br></br>In a completely coupled system, not only the output flux but also the input flux are zero at static head, which then is a state of ''[[ergodynamic equilibrium]]'' ([[Gnaiger_1993_Pure_Appl_Chem |Gnaiger 1993b]]). Whereas the output force is maximum at ergodynamic equilibrium compensating for any given input force, all forces are zero at ''[[thermodynamic equilibrium]]''. Flows are zero at both types of equilibria, hence entropy production or power (power = flow x force) are zero in both cases, i.e. at thermodynamic equilibrium in general, and at ergodynamic equilibrium of a completely coupled system at static head.f a completely coupled system at static head.)
  • LEAK state without adenylates  + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] In t[[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] In the '''LEAK state without adenylates''' mitochondrial LEAK respiration, ''L''(n) (n for no adenylates), is measured after addition of substrates, which decreases slowly to the [[LEAK state]] after oxidation of endogenous substrates with no [[adenylates]]. ''L''(n) is distinguished from ''L''(T) and ''L''(Omy).istinguished from ''L''(T) and ''L''(Omy).)
  • LEAK state with ATP  + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with ATP''' is obtained in mt-preparations without ATPase activity after ADP is maximally phosphorylated to ATP ([[State 4]]; Chance and Williams 1955) or after addition of high ATP in the absence of ADP ([[Gnaiger 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |Gnaiger et al 2000]]). Respiration in the LEAK state with ATP, ''L''(T), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(Omy).istinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(Omy).)
  • LEAK state with oligomycin  + ([[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The [[File:L.jpg |link=LEAK respiration]] The '''LEAK state with oligomycin''' is a [[LEAK state]] induced by inhibition of ATP synthase by [[oligomycin]]. ADP and ATP may or may not be present. LEAK respiration with oligomycin, ''L''(Omy), is distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(T). distinguished from ''L''(n) and ''L''(T).)
  • LEAK respiration  + ([[File:L.jpg]] '''EAK respiration''' or LE[[File:L.jpg]] '''EAK respiration''' or LEAK oxygen flux ''L'' compensating for [[proton leak]], [[proton slip]], cation cycling and [[electron leak]], is a dissipative component of respiration which is not available for performing biochemical work and thus related to heat production. LEAK respiration is measured in the LEAK state, in the presence of reducing substrate(s), but absence of ADP - abbreviated as ''L''(n) (theoretically, absence of inorganic phosphate presents an alternative), or after enzymatic inhibition of the [[phosphorylation system]], which can be reached with the use of [[oligomycin]] - abbreviated as ''L''(Omy). The '''LEAK state''' is the non-phosphorylating resting state of intrinsic [[Uncoupler|uncoupled]] or [[Dyscoupled respiration|dyscoupled respiration]] when oxygen flux is maintained mainly to compensate for the proton leak at a high chemiosmotic potential, when ATP synthase is not active. In this non-phosphorylating resting state, the electrochemical proton gradient is increased to a maximum, exerting feedback control by depressing oxygen flux to a level determined mainly by the proton leak and the H<sup>+</sup>/O<sub>2</sub> ratio. In this state of maximum protonmotive force, LEAK respiration, ''L'', is higher than the LEAK component of [[OXPHOS capacity]], ''P''. The conditions for measurement and expression of respiration vary ([[oxygen flux]] in the LEAK state, ''J''<sub>O<sub>2</sub>''L''</sub>, or [[oxygen flow]], ''I''<sub>O<sub>2</sub>''L''</sub>). If these conditions are defined and remain consistent within a given context, then the simple symbol ''L'' for respiratory rate can be used as a substitute for the more explicit expression for respiratory activity.</br>» [[LEAK respiration#LEAK respiration: concept-linked terminology of respiratory states |'''MiPNet article''']][LEAK respiration#LEAK respiration: concept-linked terminology of respiratory states |'''MiPNet article''']])
  • Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state  + ([[File:M.jpg|left|200px|M]] '''M''': [[Mal[[File:M.jpg|left|200px|M]] '''M''': [[Malate]] alone does not support respiration of mt-preparations if [[oxaloacetate]] cannot be metabolized further in the absence of a source of acetyl-CoA. Transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mt-membrane is restricted particularly in liver. Mitochondrial citrate and 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) are depleted by antiport with malate. [[Succinate]] is lost from the mitochondria through the dicarboxylate carrier. OXPHOS capacity with malate alone is only 1.3% of that with [[PM |Pyruvate&Malate]] in isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. However, many mammalian and non-mammalian mitochondria have a mt-isoform of NADP<sup>+-</sup> or NAD(P)<big>+</big>-dependent [[malic enzyme]] (mtME), the latter being particularly active in proliferating cells. Then the [[anaplerotic pathway control state]] with malate alone (aN) supports high respiratory activities comparable to the NADH-linked pathway control states (N) with pyruvate&malate or glutamate&malate substrate combinations ([[PM-pathway control state]], [[GM-pathway control state]]).[GM-pathway control state]]).)
  • PM-pathway control state  + ([[File:M.jpg|left|200px|PM]] '''PM''': [[P[[File:M.jpg|left|200px|PM]] '''PM''': [[Pyruvate]] & [[Malate]].</br></br>'''MitoPathway control state:''' [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state]]</br></br></br>Upstream of the NAD-junction, [[Pyruvate]] (P) is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA and CO<sub>2</sub>, yielding [[NADH]] catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase. [[Malate]] (M) is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mt-malate dehydrogenase located in the mitochondrial matrix. Condensation of oxaloacate with acetyl-CoA yields citrate (citrate synthase). 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase).ate) is formed from isocitrate (isocitrate dehydrogenase).)
  • MITOEAGLE in MitoGlobal  + ([[File:MITOEAGLE-representation.jpg|150px|left]] The objective of the '''MitoEAGLE''' network is to improve our knowledge on mitochondrial function in health and disease related to Evolution, Age, Gender, Lifestyle and Environment.)
  • MitoKit-CII  + ([[File:MITOKIT-CII.jpg|right|180px]]'''Cel[[File:MITOKIT-CII.jpg|right|180px]]'''Cell permeable prodrugs''', composed of [[MitoKit-CII/Succinate-nv]] and [[MitoKit-CII/Malonate-nv]], stimulates (Snv) or inhibits (Mnanv) mitochondrial respiration in CI-deficient human blood cells, fibroblasts and heart fibres, acting on Complex II of the electron transfer system.omplex II of the electron transfer system.)
  • Rare New England  + ([[File:MNE.jpg|left|110px|MNE]] MNE has tr[[File:MNE.jpg|left|110px|MNE]]</br>MNE has transitioned into RNE (Rare New England). Rare New England is an organization providing access to support groups, gatherings, events and resources for those affected by Rare Disease and living in the New England area.isease and living in the New England area.)
  • Mitochondria Research Society  + ([[File:MRS LOGO.JPG|250px|left]] The '''Mi[[File:MRS LOGO.JPG|250px|left]]</br>The '''Mitochondria Research Society''' (MRS) is a nonprofit international organization of scientists and physicians. The purpose of MRS is to find a cure for mitochondrial diseases by promoting research on basic science of mitochondria, mitochondrial pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment through out the world.nosis and treatment through out the world.)
  • Malate  + ([[File:Malic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Malic aci[[File:Malic_acid.jpg|left|100px|Malic acid]]</br>'''Malic acid''', C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, occurs under physiological conditions as the anion '''malate<sup>2-</sup>, M''', with p''K''<sub>a1</sub> = 3.40 and p''K''<sub>a2</sub> = 5.20. L-Malate is formed from fumarate in the [[TCA cycle]] in the mitochondrial matrix, where it is the substrate of [[malate dehydrogenase]] oxidized to [[oxaloacetate]]. Malate is also formed in the cytosol. It cannot permeate through the lipid bilayer of membranes and hence requires a carrier ([[dicarboxylate carrier]], [[tricarboxylate carrier]] and 2-oxoglutarate carrier). Malate alone cannot support respiration of [[Mitochondrial preparations|mt-preparations]] from most tissues, since oxaloacetate accumulates in the absence of [[pyruvate]] or [[glutamate]].</br>Malate is a [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |type N substrate]] (N) required for the [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state| FAO-pathway]]. In the presence of [[Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state|anaplerotic pathways]] (''e.g.'', [[Malic enzyme|mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME]]) the capacity of the FAO-pathway can be overestimated due to a contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see [[SUIT-002]]).[[SUIT-002]]).)
  • Mitochondrial European Education Training  + ([[File:Meet.jpg|200px|left]] The '''Mitoch[[File:Meet.jpg|200px|left]] The '''Mitochondrial European Education Training''' (MEET)</br>MEET is a project started on January 2013. MEET network is composed by a multi-partner project that intends to mobilize the critical mass of expertise, by linking partners from 8 different countries, among which 8 world-leading basic science and clinical centers of excellence, an 1 SME with direct interest in mitochondrial medicine and 3 associated partners that provide for all trainees no-scientific training. MEET is training 11 ESRs and 3 ERs coming from all over the world supervised in their research by 15 mentors and by their collaborators. MEET combine the efforts of leading clinicians with those of more basic oriented groups and will have important implications for the comprehension and treatment of mitochondria-related pathologies.tment of mitochondria-related pathologies.)
  • MiPMap  + ([[File:MiPMap Publication.jpg|left|240px|M[[File:MiPMap Publication.jpg|left|240px|MiPMap]]</br>The project '''Mitochondrial Physiology Map''' (MiPMap) is initiated to provide an overview of mitochondrial properties in cell types, tissues and species. As part of Bioblast, '''MiPMap''' may be considered as an ''information synthase'' for '''Comparative Mitochondrial Physiology'''. Establishing a comprehensive database will require global input and cooperation.</br></br>''A comparative database of mitochondrial physiology may provide the key for understanding the functional implications of mitochondrial diversity from mouse to man, and evaluation of altered mitochondrial respiratory control patterns in health and disease'' ([[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]).[[Gnaiger 2009 Int J Biochem Cell Biol|Gnaiger 2009]]).)
  • MiR05-Kit  + ([[File:MiR05-Kit.jpg|right|180px]] Mitochondrial Respiration Medium - MiR05-Kit, 1 vial; for a final volume of 250 mL)
  • MitoCanada Foundation  + ([[File:Mito Canada logo tag web2.png|200px[[File:Mito Canada logo tag web2.png|200px|left|MitoCanada]]The '''MitoCanada Foundation'''.</br>The MitoCanada Foundation is Canada’s only not-for-profit organization focused on mitochondrial disease. Since its founding in 2010, MitoCanada has dedicated over $1 million to fund the work of leading Canadian scientists and to support national awareness and support programs.</br></br>The MitoCanada Foundation is committed to ensuring that those who live with mitochondrial disease are able to enjoy the best possible quality of life until there is a cure.ble quality of life until there is a cure.)
  • Mitochondrial Research Guild  + ([[File:Mito-Reseach-Guild.JPG|200px|left]][[File:Mito-Reseach-Guild.JPG|200px|left]]</br>'''The Mitochondrial Research Guild''' is a special interest guild of Seattle Children's Hospital. The guild was founded by a group of families in the Seattle area that are working together to raise awareness, promote research, and improve the quality of medical care that is available to children that are dealing with the devastating and potentially life threatening effects of mitochondrial disease.eatening effects of mitochondrial disease.)
  • European Bioenergetics Conference  + ([[File:Mito-and-Chlora EBEC.png|270px]] '''EBEC''' is a group based in Europe that organizes the '''European Bioenergetics Conference'''.)
  • MitoAction  + ([[File:MitoAction.JPG|230px]]The mission of '''MitoAction''' is to improve quality of life for all who are affected by mitochondrial disorders through support, education and advocacy initiatives.)