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• '''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was de … '''Bendavia''' ('''Elamipretide''') was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with [[cardiolipin]] in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart.tide treatment in the failing human heart.  +
• '''Beryllium sulfate''' is used in combination with [[sodium fluoride]] to form beryllium trifluoride (BeF³⁻), to inhibit the [[ATP synthase]] if it is exposed by disruption of the mitochondrial membranes.  +
• '''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are d … '''Bioactive mitObesity compounds''' are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria.chanisms of action targeting mitochondria.  +
• '''Biological reference interval''' or reference interval is the central 95 % interval of the distribution of reference values.  +
• '''Biopsy preservation solution''', for preservation of tissue samples, preparation of muscle fibres, and permeabilization with [[saponin]].  +
• '''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle … '''Blebbistatin''' is a widely used muscle and non-muscle myosin II-specific inhibitor that block contractile activity. Blebbistatin shows selectivity and high affinity for multiple class II myosins. Blebbistatin is commonly employed in respirometric experiments with permeabilized muscle fibers (pfi). Permeabilized muscle fibers are sensitive to low oxygen supply due to diffusion restrictions that limit mitochondrial respiration at the core of the fiber bundle. Therefore, hyperoxic conditions are required to counteract this limitation. Further studies have shown that the addition of blebbistatin in the respiration medium prevents fiber contraction, reduces the oxygen sensitivity and allows the study of ADP kinetics in pfi at normoxic oxygen levels. However, other studies described that the presence of blebbistatin does not prevent the oxygen dependence in pfi. Moreover, several limitations of blebbistatin i.e. low solubility in water, cytotoxicity and phototoxicity have been described.ity and phototoxicity have been described.  +
• '''Blood cell preparation''' (bcp) is one of the key steps in diagnostic protocols.  +
• '''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular com … '''Blood plasma''' is the non-cellular component of the blood. Plasma lacks cellular components of the blood, [[red blood cell]]s, [[white blood cell]]s, and [[platelet]]s. However, there are many proteins in plasma, i.e. fibrinogen, albumin and globulin. Both blood plasma and [[platelet-rich plasma]] maintain clotting activity after whole blood separation.ing activity after whole blood separation.  +
• '''Blood serum''' is a purified plasma in … '''Blood serum''' is a purified plasma in which the coagulant components were removed from the [[blood plasma]]. It contains other substances, i.e. antibodies, antigens and hormones. Serum can be obtained by collecting the liquid phase after blood or plasma coagulation.d phase after blood or plasma coagulation.  +
• '''Bongkrekik acid''' is a selective and potent inhibitor of the [[adenine nucleotide translocator]] (ANT). Bka binds to the matrix (negative) site of ANT, opposite of [[carboxyatractyloside]].  +
• '''CE''' marking is a mandatory conformity marking for certain products sold within the European Economic Area (EEA).  +
• '''CHNO-fuel substrates''' are reduced car … '''CHNO-fuel substrates''' are reduced carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxygen substrates which are oxidized in the [[exergonic]] process of [[cell respiration]]. Mitochondrial pathways are stimulated by CHNO-fuel substrates feeding electrons into the [[ETS]] at different levels of integration and in the presence or absence of inhibitors acting on specific enzymes which are gate-keepers and control various pathway segments.pers and control various pathway segments.  +
• '''COPE core practices for research''' are applicable to all involved in publishing scholarly literature.  +
• '''Ca²⁺''' is a maj … '''Ca²⁺''' is a major signaling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its cytoplasmic concentration is tightly regulated by transporters in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of various organelles. For this purpose, it is either extruded from the cell through exchangers and pumps or stored in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Changes in the concentration of the cation regulate numerous enzymes including many involved in ATP utilizing and in ATP generating pathways and thus ultimately control metabolic activity of mitochondria and of the entire cell. Measuring changes in Ca²⁺ levels is thus of considerable interest in the context of [[high-resolution respirometry]].[[high-resolution respirometry]].  +
• '''Calcium Green'''<sup>TM</sup&g … '''Calcium Green'''^TM (CaG) denotes a family of [[extrinsic fluorophores]] applied for measurement of Ca²⁺ concentration with [[mitochondrial preparations]]. This dye fluoresces when bound to Ca²⁺. When measuring mitochondrial calcium uptake it is possible to observe the increase of the CaG signal upon calcium titration, followed by the decrease of CaG signal due to the uptake.n calcium titration, followed by the decrease of CaG signal due to the uptake.  +
• '''Calorespirometry''' is the method of me … '''Calorespirometry''' is the method of measuring simultaneously metabolic heat flux ([[calorimetry]]) and oxygen flux ([[respirometry]]). The [[calorespirometric ratio]] (CR ratio; heat/oxygen flux ratio) is thus experimentally determined and can be compared with the theoretical [[oxycaloric equivalent]], as a test of the aerobic energy balance., as a test of the aerobic energy balance.  +
• '''Carbohydrates''', also known as '''sacc … '''Carbohydrates''', also known as '''saccharides''', are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These molecules can be divided by size and complexity into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. [[Glucose]] is a monosaccharide considered the primary source of energy in cells and a metabolic intermediate. This carbohydrate undergoes glycolysis, with the generation of [[pyruvate]], that can enter the [[TCA cycle]]. </br></br>Carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose may also be involved in the [[Crabtree effect]].[[Crabtree effect]].  +
• '''Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazo … '''Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone''', CCCP (U; C₉H₅ClN₄; ''F''_W = 204.62) is a protonophore (H⁺ ionophore) and is used as a potent chemical [[uncoupler]] of [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. Like all uncouplers, CCCP concentrations must be titrated carefully to evaluated the optimum concentration for maximum stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher CCCP concentrations.ochondrial respiration, particularly to avoid inhibition of respiration at higher CCCP concentrations.  +
• '''Carboxy SNARF® 1''' is a cell-impermean … '''Carboxy SNARF® 1''' is a cell-impermeant pH indicator dye. The pKa of ~7.5 makes it useful for measuring pH in the range of pH 7 to pH 8. The emission shifts from yellow-orange at low pH to deep red fluorescence at high pH. Ratiometric fluorometry, therefore, is applied at two emission wavelengths,such as 580 nm and 640 nm.</br></br>Relative molecular mass: ''M''_r = 453.45molecular mass: ''M''_r = 453.45  +
• '''Carboxyatractyloside''' CAT is a highly … '''Carboxyatractyloside''' CAT is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of the [[adenine nucleotide translocator]] (ANT). CAT stabilizes the nucleoside binding site of ANT on the cytoplasmic (positive) side of the inner membrane and blocks the exchange of matrix ATP and cytoplasmic ADP. It causes stabilization of the ''c'' conformation of ANT leading to permeability transition pore (PTP) opening, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis.ondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis.  +