Mueller 2012 Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

Müller M, Mentel M, van Hellemond JJ, Henze K, Woehle C, Gould SB, Yu RY, van der Giezen M, Tielens AG, Martin WF (2012) Biochemistry and evolution of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.05024-11

» Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 76:444-95. PMID: 22688819 Open Access

Mueller Miklos, Mentel M, van Hellemond JJ, Henze K, Woehle C, Gould SB, Yu RY, van der Giezen M, Tielens AG, Martin William F (2012) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

Abstract: Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in anaerobic environments for all or part of their life cycles have accrued in recent years. All known eukaryotic groups possess an organelle of mitochondrial origin, mapping the origin of mitochondria to the eukaryotic common ancestor, and genome sequence data are rapidly accumulating for eukaryotes that possess anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, or mitosomes. Here we review the available biochemical data on the enzymes and pathways that eukaryotes use in anaerobic energy metabolism and summarize the metabolic end products that they generate in their anaerobic habitats, focusing on the biochemical roles that their mitochondria play in anaerobic ATP synthesis. We present metabolic maps of compartmentalized energy metabolism for 16 well-studied species. There are currently no enzymes of core anaerobic energy metabolism that are specific to any of the six eukaryotic supergroup lineages; genes present in one supergroup are also found in at least one other supergroup. The gene distribution across lineages thus reflects the presence of anaerobic energy metabolism in the eukaryote common ancestor and differential loss during the specialization of some lineages to oxic niches, just as OXPHOS capabilities have been differentially lost in specialization to anoxic niches and the parasitic life-style. Some facultative anaerobes have retained both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Diversified eukaryotic lineages have retained the same enzymes of anaerobic ATP synthesis, in line with geochemical data indicating low environmental oxygen levels while eukaryotes arose and diversified. • Keywords: Fermentation, Evolution, Anaerobiosis

Definition: The function of core energy metabolism is to supply ATP and to afford redox balance (p. 480). - This definition should be extended by adding another function of energy metabolism that may proceed with or without the supply of ATP: In specific organisms or tissues another function of core energy metabolism is the dissipation of heat for temperature regulation.

Labels: MiParea: Respiration, nDNA;cell genetics, Comparative MiP;environmental MiP 

Organism: Protists 

Enzyme: Marker enzyme  Regulation: Aerobic glycolysis, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Oxygen kinetics, Redox state