Cookies help us deliver our services. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. More information

Donnelly 2022 MitoFit Hypoxia

From Bioblast

Bioblast2022 banner.jpg


MitoFit Preprints         MitoFit Preprints        
Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprints
       
Gnaiger MitoFit Preprints 2020.4
        MitoFit DOI Data Center         MitoPedia: Preprints         Bioenergetics Communications


Donnelly 2022 MitoFit Hypoxia

Publications in the MiPMap
Donnelly C, Schmitt S, Cecatto C, Cardoso LHD, Komlodi T, Place N, Kayser B, Gnaiger E (2022) The ABC of hypoxia – what is the norm. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2022-0025.v22022-11-14 published in Bioenerg Commun 2022.12.

» MitoFit Preprints 2022.25.v2.

MitoFit pdf

The ABC of hypoxia – what is the norm »Watch the Bioblast 2022 presentation«

MitoFit Preprints (2022) MitoFit Prep

Abstract:

Version 2 (v2) 2022-07-15 The ABC of hypoxia – what is the norm https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2022-0025.v2
Version 1 (v1) 2022-06-28 - »Link to all versions«
Oxia terms.png

Donnelly 2022 Abstract Bioblast: Hypoxia is a condition of oxygen levels below normoxia and opposite to hyperoxia. We here define the normoxic reference state by three complementary precepts: (A) ambient normoxia at sea level in the contemporary atmosphere and corresponding dissolved O2 concentration at air saturation of aqueous environments; (B) biological compartmental O2 levels at ambient normoxia under physiological activity of healthy organisms in the absence of environmental stress (e.g. in a diving human, a stranded whale, a thermally stressed animal); and (C) O2 levels above the control region, i.e., where the capacity for O2 consumption is not compromised by partial O2 pressure as evaluated by its kinetics. Conversely, the abc of hypoxia is concerned with deviations from these reference points caused by different mechanisms: (a) ambient alterations of oxygen levels; (b) biological O2 demand exceeding O2 supply under pathological or experimental limitations of convective O2 transport or O2 diffusion; and (c) critical oxygen pressure in oxygen kinetics shifted by pathological and toxicological effects or environmental stress. The ABC of hypoxia may be of help in the design and interpretation of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.

Keywords: ambient, anoxia, critical O2 pressure pc, functional hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypoxia, limiting O2 pressure pl, normoxia, oxygen O2, O2 concentration cO2 [µM], O2 pressure pO2 [kPa] Bioblast editor: Gnaiger E O2k-Network Lab: AT Innsbruck Oroboros, HU Budapest Tretter L, CH Lausanne Place N

Authors

1 Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria
2 Institute of Sport Sciences, Univ. Lausanne, Switzerland
3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, HU
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
Acknowledgements
We thank Martin Burtscher for making us aware of the ABC of oxygen, Adam Chicco for critical comments on absolute versus evolutionary definitions of normoxia, and Malcolm J Shick and Adalberto L Val for discussions. Chris Donnelly was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant agreement nº 194964.

Correction of errors

  • Figure 1: Instead of "1 kPa = 0.133322 mmHg", the correct conversion is: "1 mmHg = 0.133322 kPa".
  • Section 2.5: Instead of "At ambient normoxia, the concentration of O2 in dry air at 25 °C equals ΦO2·(RT)-1 = 0.20946·(100-3.17) kPa·(2.479 kJ·mol-1)-1 = 8.18 mM", these values refer to humid (water-vapour saturated) air, and the correct relation is: ΦO2·(pb-pH2O*)·(RT)-1 = 0.20946·(100-3.17) kPa·(2.479 kJ·mol-1)-1 = 8.18 mM.


On definitions

  • Definitions always leak at the margins, where experts delight in posing counterexamples for their peers to ponder. Fortunately, the typical cases are clear enough that a little fuzziness around the edges does not interfere with the larger picture (Miller 1991 Scientific American Library).
  • A lexicographer tries, not always successfully, to steer a course between incomprehension and miscomprehension. .. writing definitions is a difficult and little-appreciated art (Miller 1991 Scientific American Library).
  • Full standardisation of definitions and analytical procedures could be feasible for new research efforts. .. For existing datasets and studies, harmonisation attempts to achieve some, but not necessarily perfect, homogeneity of definitions might need substantial effort and coordination. .. Large consortia and collaborations can allow the use of a common language among investigators for clinical definitions, laboratory measurements, and statistical analyses (Ioannidis 2014 Lancet).


References

LinkReferenceYearView
Al-Ani A, Toms D, Kondro D, Thundathil J, Yu Y, Ungrin M (2018) Oxygenation in cell culture: Critical parameters for reproducibility are routinely not reported. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.02042692018PLOS ONE 13:e0204269. PMID: 30325922 Open Access
Bateman NT, Leach RM (1998) ABC of oxygen. Acute oxygen therapy. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7161.7981998BMJ 317:798-801. PMID: 9740573 Open Access
Baumgaertl H, Luebbers DW (1983) Microcoaxial needle sensor for polarographic measurement of local O2 pressure in the cellular range of living tissue. Its construction and properties. In: Polarographic Oxygen Sensors. Aquatic and Physiological Applications. Gnaiger E, Forstner H (eds), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York:37-65.1983File:Baumgaertl 1983 POS.pdf
Brooks GA, Arevalo JA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Tovar AP (2022) Lactate in contemporary biology: a phoenix risen. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP2809552022J Physiol 600:1229-51. PMID: 33566386 Open Access
Burtscher J, Mallet RT, Pialoux V, Millet GP, Burtscher M (2022) Adaptive responses to hypoxia and/or hyperoxia in humans. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2021.02802022Antioxid Redox Signal PMID: 35102747 Open Access
Carreau A, El Hafny-Rahbi B, Matejuk A, Grillon C, Kieda C (2011) Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01258.x2011J Cell Mol Med 15:1239-53. PMID:21251211 Open Access
Chabot D, McKenzie DJ, Craig JF (2016) Metabolic rate in fishes: definitions, methods and significance for conservation physiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12873.2016J Fish Biol 88:1-9. Open Access
Chance B (1965) Reaction of oxygen with the respiratory chain in cells and tissues. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.49.1.1631965J Gen Physiol 49:163-88. PMID: 4285727 Open Access
Chung Y, Molé PA, Sailasuta N, Tran TK, Hurd R, Jue T (2005) Control of respiration and bioenergetics during muscle contraction. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00138.20042005Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288:C730-8. PMID: 15537712 Open Access
Clanton TL, Hogan MC, Gladden LB (2013) Regulation of cellular gas exchange, oxygen sensing, and metabolic control. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c1200302013Compr Physiol 3:1135-90. PMID: 23897683
Di Mattia M, Mauro A, Citeroni MR, Dufrusine B, Peserico A, Russo V, Berardinelli P, Dainese E, Cimini A, Barboni B (2021) Insight into hypoxia stemness control. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells100821612021Cells 10:2161. PMID: 34440930 Open Access
Di Prampero PE, Ferretti G (1990) Factors limiting maximal oxygen consumption in humans. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(90)90075-a1990Respir Physiol 80:113-27. PMID: 2218094
DiProspero TJ, Dalrymple E, Lockett MR (2021) Physiologically relevant oxygen tensions differentially regulate hepatotoxic responses in HepG2 cells. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2021.1051562021Toxicol In Vitro 74:105156. PMID: 33811995
Gifford JR, Garten RS, Nelson AD, Trinity JD, Layec G, Witman MA, Weavil JC, Mangum T, Hart C, Etheredge C, Jessop J, Bledsoe A, Morgan DE, Wray DW, Richardson RS (2016) Symmorphosis and skeletal muscle VO2max: in vivo and in vitro measures reveal differing constraints in the exercise-trained and untrained human. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP2712292016J Physiol 594:1741-51. PMID: 26614395 Open Access
Gnaiger E (1983) In situ measurement of oxygen profiles in lakes: microstratifications, oscillations, and the limits of comparison with chemical methods. In: Polarographic Oxygen Sensors. Aquatic and Physiological Applications. Gnaiger E, Forstner H (eds), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York:245-64.1983
POS1983
Bioblast pdf Springer link
Gnaiger E (1991) Animal energetics at very low oxygen: Information from calorimetry and respirometry. In: Strategies for gas exchange and metabolism. Woakes R, Grieshaber M, Bridges CR (eds), Soc Exp Biol Seminar Series 44, Cambridge Univ Press, London:149-71.1991Bioblast pdf
Gnaiger E (1993) Efficiency and power strategies under hypoxia. Is low efficiency at high glycolytic ATP production a paradox? In: Surviving hypoxia: Mechanisms of control and adaptation. Hochachka PW, Lutz PL, Sick T, Rosenthal M, Van den Thillart G (eds) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo:77-109.1993Bioblast pdf
Gnaiger E (1993) Homeostatic and microxic regulation of respiration in transitions to anaerobic metabolism. In: The vertebrate gas transport cascade: Adaptations to environment and mode of life. Bicudo JEPW (ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo:358-70.1993Bioblast pdf
Gnaiger E (2001) Bioenergetics at low oxygen: dependence of respiration and phosphorylation on oxygen and adenosine diphosphate supply. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00307-32001Bioblast pdf
Respir Physiol 128:277-97. PMID: 11718759
Gnaiger E (2003) Oxygen conformance of cellular respiration. A perspective of mitochondrial physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8997-0_42003Bioblast pdf
Adv Exp Med Biol 543:39-55. PMID: 14713113
Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. Bioenerg Commun 2020.2. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-00022020Open Access pdf published online 2020-12-30

Gnaiger E et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group (2020) Mitochondrial physiology. Bioenerg Commun 2020.1. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0001.v12020Bioenerg Commun 2020.1. Open Access pdf published online 2020-05-20

Gnaiger E, Lassnig B, Kuznetsov AV, Rieger G, Margreiter R (1998) Mitochondrial oxygen affinity, respiratory flux control, and excess capacity of cytochrome c oxidase. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.8.11291998Open Access
J Exp Biol 201:1129-39. PMID: 9510525
Gnaiger E, Méndez G, Hand SC (2000) High phosphorylation efficiency and depression of uncoupled respiration in mitochondria under hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:11080-5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.20.110802000PMID: 11005877 Open Access
Grocott MP, Martin DS, Levett DZ, McMorrow R, Windsor J, Montgomery HE, Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research Group (2009) Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa08015812009N Engl J Med 360:140-9. PMID: 19129527 Open Access
Gstraunthaler G, Seppi T, Pfaller W (1999) Impact of culture conditions, culture media volumes, and glucose content on metabolic properties of renal epithelial cell cultures. Are renal cells in tissue culture hypoxic? https://doi.org/10.1159/0000163121999Cell Physiol Biochem 9:150-72 PMID: 10494029 Open Access
Harrison DK, Fasching M, Fontana-Ayoub M, Gnaiger E (2015) Cytochrome redox states and respiratory control in mouse and beef heart mitochondria at steady-state levels of hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 119:1210-8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.20152015PMID: 26251509 Open Access
Hitchman ML, Gnaiger E (1983) A thermodynamic consideration of permeability coefficients of membranes. In: Polarographic Oxygen Sensors. Aquatic and Physiological Applications. Gnaiger E, Forstner H (eds), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York:31-6.1983
POS1983
Bioblast pdf Springer link
Hochachka PW, Lutz PL, Sick T, Rosenthal M, Van den Thillart G (eds) (1993) Surviving hypoxia: mechanisms of control and adaptation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo:570 pp.1993
Hochachka PW, Somero GN (2002) Biochemical adaptation: mechanism and process in physiological evolution. Oxford Univ Press, New York: 466 pp.2002
Ioannidis JPA, Greenland S, Hlatky MA, Khoury MJ, Macleod MR, Moher D, Schulz KF, Tibshirani R (2014) Increasing value and reducing waste in research design, conduct, and analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62227-82014Lancet 383:166-75. PMID: 25552691 Open Access
Jiang BH, Semenza GL, Bauer C, Marti HH (1996) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 levels vary exponentially over a physiologically relevant range of O2 tension. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.4.C11721996Am J Physiol 271:1172-80. PMID:8897823 Open Access
Keeley TP, Mann GE (2019) Defining physiological normoxia for improved translation of cell physiology to animal models and humans. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.20172019Physiol Rev 99:161-234. PMID:30354965 Open Access
Keeley TP, Siow RCM, Jacob R, Mann GE (2018) Reduced SERCA activity underlies dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis under atmospheric O2 levels. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201700685RRR2018FASEB J 32:2531-8. PMID: 29273673 Open Access
Klein SG, Alsolami SM, Steckbauer A, Arossa S, Parry AJ, Ramos Mandujano G, Alsayegh K, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Li M, Duarte CM (2021) A prevalent neglect of environmental control in mammalian cell culture calls for best practices. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00775-02021Nat Biomed Eng 5:787-92. PMID: 34389822 Open Access
Komlódi T, Sobotka O, Gnaiger E (2021) Facts and artefacts on the oxygen dependence of hydrogen peroxide production using Amplex UltraRed. Bioenerg Commun 2021.4. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-00042021Bioenerg Commun 2021.4. Open Access pdf published online 2021-12-21

Lane N (2002) Oxygen: The molecule that made the world. Oxford Univ Press. 374 pp.2002http://www.nick-lane.net/
Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Zinner C, Willis SJ, Morales-Alamo D, Calbet J, Boushel R, Holmberg HC (2020) Mitochondrial oxygen affinity increases after sprint interval training and is related to the improvement in peak oxygen uptake. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.134632020Acta Physiol (Oxf) 229:e13463. PMID: 32144872 Open Access
Leach RM, Treacher DF (1998) ABC of oxygen. Oxygen transport-2. Tissue hypoxia. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7169.13701998BMJ 317:1370-3. PMID: 9812940 Open Access
Lindenmann J, Smolle C, Kamolz LP, Smolle-Juettner FM, Graier WF (2021) Survey of molecular mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen in tissue repair. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2221117542021Int J Mol Sci 22:11754. PMID: 34769182 Open Access
Maxwell PH, Wiesener MS, Chang GW, Clifford SC, Vaux EC, Cockman ME, Wykoff CC, Pugh CW, Maher ER, Ratcliffe PJ (1999) The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. https://doi.org/10.1038/204591999Nature 399:271–5. PMID: 10353251
McKeown SR (2014) Defining normoxia, physoxia and hypoxia in tumours-implications for treatment response. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.201306762014Br J Radiol 87:20130676. PMID:24588669 Open Access
Miller GA (1991) The science of words. Scientific American Library New York:276 pp.1991
Mills DB, Boyle RA, Daines SJ, Sperling EA, Pisani D, Donoghue PCJ, Lenton TM (2022) Eukaryogenesis and oxygen in Earth history. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01733-y2022Nat Ecol Evol 6:520-32. PMID: 35449457
Molé PA, Chung Y, Tran TK, Sailasuta N, Hurd R, Jue T (1999) Myoglobin desaturation with exercise intensity in human gastrocnemius muscle. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.1.R1731999Am J Physiol 277:R173-80. PMID: 10409271 Open Access
Nelson JA (2016) Oxygen consumption rate v. rate of energy utilization of fishes: a comparison and brief history of the two measurements. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.128242016J Fish Biol 88:10–25. Open Access
Okada Y, Paton JFR, López-Barneo J, Wilson RJA, Marina N, Pokorski M (2021) Editorial: Hypoxia and cardiorespiratory control. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.8208152021Front Physiol 12:820815. Open Access
Opitz E (1941) Über akute Hypoxie. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF023226131941Ergebnisse Physiol exper Pharmakol 44:315–424.
Ortiz-Prado E, Dunn JF, Vasconez J, Castillo D, Viscor G (2019) Partial pressure of oxygen in the human body: a general review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30899601/2019Am J Blood Res 9:1-14. PMID: 30899601 Open Access
Peacock AJ (1998) ABC of oxygen: oxygen at high altitude. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7165.10631998BMJ317:1063-6. PMID: 9774298 Open Access
Pezet MG, Gomez-Duran A, Klimm F, Aryaman J, Burr S, Wei W, Saitou M, Prudent J, Chinnery PF (2021) Oxygen tension modulates the mitochondrial genetic bottleneck and influences the segregation of a heteroplasmic mtDNA variant in vitro. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02069-22021Commun Biol 4:584. PMID: 33990696 Open Access
Poole DC, Pittman RN, Musch TI, Østergaard L (2020) August Krogh's theory of muscle microvascular control and oxygen delivery: a paradigm shift based on new data. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP2792232020J Physiol 598:4473-507. PMID: 32918749 Open Access
Poole DC, Rossiter HB, Brooks GA, Gladden LB (2021) The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP2799632021J Physiol 599:737-67. PMID: 33112439 Open Access
Pruitt WC (2013) Long-term oxygen therapy: in a perfect world. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.028112013Respir Care 58:1711-3. PMID: 24064630 Open Access
Ratcliffe PJ (2022) Harveian Oration 2020: Elucidation of molecular oxygen sensing mechanisms in human cells: implications for medicine. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.ed.22.1.harv2022Clin Med (Lond) 22:23-33. PMID: 34921056 Open Access
Reinhard CT, Planavsky NJ, Olson SL, Lyons TW, Erwin DH (2016) Earth's oxygen cycle and the evolution of animal life. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.15215441132016Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:8933-8. PMID: 27457943 Open Access
Richalet JP (2021) The invention of hypoxia. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00936.20202021J Appl Physiol (1985) 130:1573-82. PMID: 33703942
Richardson RS (2000) Intracellular PO2 and bioenergetic measurements in skeletal muscle: the role of exercise paradigm. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.4.R11112000Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278:R1111-3. PMID: 10798883 Open Access
Richardson RS, Duteil S, Wary C, Wray DW, Hoff J, Carlier PG (2006) Human skeletal muscle intracellular oxygenation: the impact of ambient oxygen availability. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.1023272006J Physiol 571:415-24. PMID: 16396926 Open Access
Richardson RS, Grassi B, Gavin TP, Haseler LJ, Tagore K, Roca J, Wagner PD (1999) Evidence of O2 supply-dependent VO2max in the exercise-trained human quadriceps. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.10481999J Appl Physiol (1985) 86:1048-53. PMID: 10066722 Open Access
Richardson RS, Leigh JS, Wagner PD, Noyszewski EA (1999) Cellular PO2 as a determinant of maximal mitochondrial O2 consumption in trained human skeletal muscle. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.3251999J Appl Physiol (1985) 87:325-31. PMID: 10409591 Open Access
Richardson RS, Noyszewski EA, Kendrick KF, Leigh JS, Wagner PD (1995) Myoglobin O2 desaturation during exercise. Evidence of limited O2 transport. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI1182371995J Clin Invest 96:1916-26. PMID: 7560083 Open Access
Richmond KN, Shonat RD, Lynch RM, Johnson PC (1999) Critical PO2 of skeletal muscle in vivo. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.5.H18311999Am J Physiol 277:H1831-40. PMID: 10564137 Open Access
Scandurra FM, Gnaiger E (2010) Cell respiration under hypoxia: facts and artefacts in mitochondrial oxygen kinetics. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1241-1_22010Bioblast pdf
Adv Exp Med Biol 662:7-25. PMID: 20204766 Open Access
Semenza GL, Wang GL (1992) A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcriptional activation. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.12.5447-5454.19921992Mol Cell Biol 12:5447–54. PMID: 1448077 Open Access
Shick JM, Widdows J, Gnaiger E (1988) Calorimetric studies of behavior, metabolism and energetics of sessile intertidal animals. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.1.161.1988Amer Zool 28:161–81. Open Access
Sommer N, Pak O, Schörner S, Derfuss T, Krug A, Gnaiger E, Ghofrani HA, Schermuly RT, Huckstorf C, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Weissmann N (2010) Mitochondrial cytochrome redox states and respiration in acute pulmonary oxygen sensing. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.000138092010Eur Respir J 36:1056-66. PMID: 20516051 Open Access
Stepanova A, Galkin A (2020) Measurement of mitochondrial H2O2 production under varying O2 tensions. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.12.0082020Methods Cell Biol 155:273-93. PMID: 32183962
Weibel ER (2000) Symmorphosis: on form and function in shaping life. Harvard Univ Press:280 pp.2000
Wenger RH, Kurtcuoglu V, Scholz CC, Marti HH, Hoogewijs D (2015) Frequently asked questions in hypoxia research. https://doi.org/10.2147/HP.S921982015Hypoxia (Auckl) 3:35-43. PMID: 27774480 Open Access
Williams AJ (1998) ABC of oxygen: assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid-base balance. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7167.12131998BMJ 317:1213-6. PMID: 9794863 Open Access
Wilmshurst P (1998) ABC of oxygen. Diving and oxygen. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7164.9961998BMJ 317:996-9. PMID: 9765173 Open Access


Keywords: Oxia terms

Questions.jpg


Click to expand or collaps
Bioblast links: Hypoxia, normoxia, hyperoxia - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>
TermAbbreviationDescription
AerobicoxThe aerobic state of metabolism is defined by the presence of oxygen (air) and therefore the potential for oxidative reactions (ox) to proceed, particularly in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Aerobic metabolism (with involvement of oxygen) is contrasted with anaerobic metabolism (without involvement of oxygen): Whereas anaerobic metabolism may proceed in the absence or presence of oxygen (anoxic or oxic conditions), aerobic metabolism is restricted to oxic conditions. Below the critical oxygen pressure, aerobic ATP production decreases.
AnaerobicAnaerobic metabolism takes place without the use of molecular oxygen, in contrast to aerobic metabolism. The capacity for energy assimilation and growth under anoxic conditions is the ultimate criterion for facultative anaerobiosis. Anaerobic metabolism may proceed not only under anoxic conditions or states, but also under hyperoxic and normoxic conditions (aerobic glycolysis), and under hypoxic and microxic conditions below the limiting oxygen pressure.
AnoxiaanoxIdeally the terms anoxia and anoxic (anox, without oxygen) should be restricted to conditions where molecular oxygen is strictly absent. Practically, effective anoxia is obtained when a further decrease of experimental oxygen levels does not elicit any physiological or biochemical response. The practical definition, therefore, depends on (i) the techiques applied for oxygen removal and minimizing oxygen diffusion into the experimental system, (ii) the sensitivity and limit of detection of analytical methods of measuring oxygen (O2 concentration in the nM range), and (iii) the types of diagnostic tests applied to evaluate effects of trace amounts of oxygen on physiological and biochemical processes. The difficulties involved in defining an absolute limit between anoxic and microxic conditions are best illustrated by a logarithmic scale of oxygen pressure or oxygen concentration. In the anoxic state (State 5), any aerobic type of metabolism cannot take place, whereas anaerobic metabolism may proceed under oxic or anoxic conditions.
Critical oxygen pressurepcThe critical oxygen pressure, pc, is defined as the partial oxygen pressure, pO2, below which aerobic catabolism (respiration or oxygen consumption) declines significantly. If anaerobic catabolism is activated simultaneously to compensate for lower aerobic ATP generation, then the limiting oxygen pressure, pl, is equal to the pc. In many cases, however, the pl is substantially lower than the pc.
HyperoxiahyperoxHyperoxia is defined as environmental oxygen pressure above the normoxic reference level. Cellular and intracellular hyperoxia is imposed on isolated cells and isolated mitochondria at air-level oxygen pressures which are higher compared to cellular and intracellular oxygen pressures under tissue conditions in vivo. Hyperoxic conditions may impose oxidative stress and may increase maximum aerobic performance.
HypoxiahypoxHypoxia (hypox) is defined in respiratory physiology as the state when insufficient O2 is available for respiration, compared to environmental hypoxia defined as environmental oxygen pressures below the normoxic reference level. Three major categories of hypoxia are (1) environmental hypoxia, (2) physiological tissue hypoxia in hyperactivated states (e.g. at VO2max) with intracellular oxygen demand/supply balance at steady state in tissues at environmental normoxia, compared to tissue normoxia in physiologically balanced states, and (3) pathological tissue hypoxia including ischemia and stroke, anaemia, chronic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe COVID-19, and obstructive sleep apnea. Pathological hypoxia leads to tissue hypoxia and heterogenous intracellular anoxia. Clinical oxygen treatment ('environmental hyperoxia') may not or only partially overcome pathological tissue hypoxia.
Intracellular oxygenpO2,iPhysiological, intracellular oxygen pressure is significantly lower than air saturation under normoxia, hence respiratory measurements carried out at air saturation are effectively hyperoxic for cultured cells and isolated mitochondria.
Limiting oxygen pressureplThe limiting oxygen pressure, pl, is defined as the partial oxygen pressure, pO2, below which anaerobic catabolism is activated to contribute to total ATP generation. The limiting oxygen pressure, pl, may be substantially lower than the critical oxygen pressure, pc, below which aerobic catabolism (respiration or oxygen consumption) declines significantly.
MicroxiamicroxMicroxia (deep hypoxia) is obtained when trace amounts of O2 exert a stimulatory effect on respiration above the level where metabolism is switched to a purely anaerobic mode.
Normoxianormox
Oxia
Normoxia is a reference state, frequently considered as air-level oxygen pressure at sea level (c. 20 kPa in water vapor saturated air) as environmental normoxia. Intracellular tissue normoxia is variable between organisms and tissues, and intracellular oxygen pressure is frequently well below air-level pO2 as a result of cellular (mainly mitochondrial) oxygen consumption and oxygen gradients along the respiratory cascade. Oxygen pressure drops from ambient normoxia of 20 kPa to alveolar normoxia of 13 kPa, while extracellular normoxia may be as low as 1 to 5 kPa in solid organs such as heart, brain, kidney and liver. Pericellular pO2 of cells growing in monolayer cell cultures may be hypoxic compared to tissue normoxia when grown in ambient normoxia (95 % air and 5 % CO2) and a high layer of culture medium causing oxygen diffusion limitation at high respiratory activity, but pericellular pO2 may be effectively hyperoxic in cells with low respiratory rate with a thin layer of culture medium (<2 mm). Intracellular oxygen levels in well-stirred suspended small cells (5 - 7 mm diameter; endothelial cells, fibroblasts) are close to ambient pO2 of the incubation medium, such that matching the experimental intracellular pO2 to the level of intracellular tissue normoxia requires lowering the ambient pO2 of the medium to avoid hyperoxia.
General
» Oxygen, dioxygen, O2
» Intracellular oxygen
» Oxygen pressure
» Oxygen solubility
» Gas pressure
» pascal
» Pressure
» Barometric pressure
» Concentration
Related keyword lists
» Keywords: Oxygen signal
» Keywords: Concentration and pressure

Publications: Tissue normoxia

 YearReferenceOrganismTissue;cellPreparationsStressDiseases
Donnelly 2022 MitoFit Hypoxia2022Donnelly C, Schmitt S, Cecatto C, Cardoso LHD, Komlodi T, Place N, Kayser B, Gnaiger E (2022) The ABC of hypoxia – what is the norm. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2022-0025.v22022-11-14 published in Bioenerg Commun 2022.12.Oxidative stress;RONS
Hypoxia
Donnelly 2022 BEC2022Donnelly C, Schmitt S, Cecatto C, Cardoso LHD, Komlódi T, Place N, Kayser B, Gnaiger E (2022) The ABC of hypoxia – what is the norm. Bioenerg Commun 2022.12.v2. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2022-0012.v2Oxidative stress;RONS
Hypoxia
DiProspero 2021 Toxicol In Vitro2021DiProspero TJ, Dalrymple E, Lockett MR (2021) Physiologically relevant oxygen tensions differentially regulate hepatotoxic responses in HepG2 cells. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105156LiverIntact cellsHypoxia
Stepanova 2020 Methods Cell Biol2020Stepanova A, Galkin A (2020) Measurement of mitochondrial H2O2 production under varying O2 tensions. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.12.008MouseNervous systemIsolated mitochondriaOxidative stress;RONS
Ast 2019 Nat Metab2019Ast T, Mootha VK (2019) Oxygen and mammalian cell culture: are we repeating the experiment of Dr. Ox? Nat Metab 1:858-860.
Keeley 2019 Physiol Rev2019Keeley TP, Mann GE (2019) Defining physiological normoxia for improved translation of cell physiology to animal models and humans. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2017
Stepanova 2018 J Neurochem2018Stepanova A, Konrad C, Manfredi G, Springett R, Ten V, Galkin A (2018) The dependence of brain mitochondria reactive oxygen species production on oxygen level is linear, except when inhibited by antimycin A. J Neurochem 148:731-45.MouseNervous systemIsolated mitochondriaIschemia-reperfusion
Oxidative stress;RONS
Stepanova 2018 J Cereb Blood Flow Metab2018Stepanova A, Konrad C, Guerrero-Castillo S, Manfredi G, Vannucci S, Arnold S, Galkin A (2018) Deactivation of mitochondrial complex I after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 39:1790-802.RatNervous systemIsolated mitochondriaHypoxia
Ischemia-reperfusion
Stuart 2018 Oxid Med Cell Longev2018Stuart JA, Fonseca JF, Moradi F, Cunningham C, Seliman B, Worsfold CR, Dolan S, Abando J, Maddalena LA (2018) How Supraphysiological Oxygen Levels in Standard Cell Culture Affect Oxygen-Consuming Reactions. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018:8238459.
Stepanova 2017 J Cereb Blood Flow Metab2017Stepanova A, Kahl A, Konrad C, Ten V, Starkov AS, Galkin A (2017) Reverse electron transfer results in a loss of flavin from mitochondrial complex I: Potential mechanism for brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 37:3649-58.MouseNervous systemIsolated mitochondriaIschemia-reperfusion
Harrison 2015 J Appl Physiol2015Harrison DK, Fasching M, Fontana-Ayoub M, Gnaiger E (2015) Cytochrome redox states and respiratory control in mouse and beef heart mitochondria at steady-state levels of hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 119:1210-8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2015Mouse
Bovines
HeartIsolated mitochondriaHypoxia
Carreau 2011 J Cell Mol Med2011Carreau A, El Hafny-Rahbi B, Matejuk A, Grillon C, Kieda C (2011) Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01258.x
Richardson 2006 J Physiol2006Richardson RS, Duteil S, Wary C, Wray DW, Hoff J, Carlier PG (2006) Human skeletal muscle intracellular oxygenation: the impact of ambient oxygen availability. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.102327HumanSkeletal muscleHypoxia
Pettersen 2005 Cell Prolif2005Pettersen EO, Larsen LH, Ramsing NB, Ebbesen P (2005) Pericellular oxygen depletion during ordinary tissue culturing, measured with oxygen microsensors. Cell Prolif 38:257-67.
Gnaiger 2003 Adv Exp Med Biol2003Gnaiger E (2003) Oxygen conformance of cellular respiration. A perspective of mitochondrial physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8997-0_4Human
Rat
Heart
Liver
Endothelial;epithelial;mesothelial cell
Fibroblast
Intact cells
Permeabilized cells
Permeabilized tissue
Isolated mitochondria
Oxidase;biochemical oxidation
Gnaiger 2001 Respir Physiol2001Gnaiger E (2001) Bioenergetics at low oxygen: dependence of respiration and phosphorylation on oxygen and adenosine diphosphate supply. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00307-3Human
Rat
Heart
Liver
Endothelial;epithelial;mesothelial cell
HUVEC
Intact cells
Isolated mitochondria
Oxidative stress;RONS
Gnaiger 2000 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2000Gnaiger E, Méndez G, Hand SC (2000) High phosphorylation efficiency and depression of uncoupled respiration in mitochondria under hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:11080-5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.20.11080Rat
Artemia
Crustaceans
LiverIsolated mitochondria
Gnaiger 1998 Biochim Biophys Acta1998Gnaiger E, Lassnig B, Kuznetsov AV, Margreiter R (1998) Mitochondrial respiration in the low oxygen environment of the cell: Effect of ADP on oxygen kinetics. Biochim Biophys Acta 1365:249-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2728(98)00076-0RatHeart
Liver
Isolated mitochondria
Gnaiger 1998 J Exp Biol1998Gnaiger E, Lassnig B, Kuznetsov AV, Rieger G, Margreiter R (1998) Mitochondrial oxygen affinity, respiratory flux control, and excess capacity of cytochrome c oxidase. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.8.1129Human
Rat
Heart
Liver
Endothelial;epithelial;mesothelial cell
HUVEC
Isolated mitochondria
Enzyme
Oxidase;biochemical oxidation
Intact cells
Gnaiger 1995 J Bioenerg Biomembr1995Gnaiger E, Steinlechner-Maran R, Méndez G, Eberl T, Margreiter R (1995) Control of mitochondrial and cellular respiration by oxygen. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02111656Human
Rat
Liver
Endothelial;epithelial;mesothelial cell
HUVEC
Isolated mitochondria
Intact cells
Gnaiger 1993 Transitions1993Gnaiger E (1993) Homeostatic and microxic regulation of respiration in transitions to anaerobic metabolism. In: The vertebrate gas transport cascade: Adaptations to environment and mode of life. Bicudo JEPW (ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo:358-70.Reptiles
Fishes
Crustaceans
Annelids
Intact organism
Gnaiger 1991 Soc Exp Biol Seminar Series1991Gnaiger E (1991) Animal energetics at very low oxygen: Information from calorimetry and respirometry. In: Strategies for gas exchange and metabolism. Woakes R, Grieshaber M, Bridges CR (eds), Soc Exp Biol Seminar Series 44, Cambridge Univ Press, London:149-71.AnnelidsIntact organism
Gnaiger 1983 J Exp Zool1983Gnaiger E (1983) Heat dissipation and energetic efficiency in animal anoxibiosis. Economy contra power. J Exp Zool 228:471-90.Annelids
Molluscs
Skeletal muscleIntact organism
Abstracts: Tissue normoxia
 YearReferenceOrganismTissue;cellPreparationsStressDiseases
Donnelly 2022 Abstract Bioblast20222.1. «10+5»
Donnelly Chris
Donnelly Chris, Schmitt S, Cecatto C, Cardoso L, Komlodi T, Place N, Kayser B, Gnaiger E (2022) The ABC of hypoxia – what is the norm. Bioblast 2022: BEC Inaugural Conference. In: https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2022-0001
»MitoFit Preprint« »Watch the presentation«
Oxidative stress;RONS
Hypoxia
Gnaiger 2018 AussieMit2018Komlodi Timea, Sobotka Ondrej, Doerrier Carolina, Gnaiger Erich (2018) Mitochondrial H2O2 production is low under tissue normoxia but high at in-vitro air-level oxygen pressure - comparison of LEAK and OXPHOS states. AussieMit 2018 Melbourne AU.Mouse
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Heart
Nervous system
Isolated mitochondria
Intact cells
Oxidative stress;RONS
Hypoxia
Sobotka 2018 MiP20182018
Ondrej Sobotka
Measurement of ROS production under hypoxia and unexpected methodological pitfalls of Amplex UltraRed assay.
Mouse
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Heart
Nervous system
Isolated mitochondriaHypoxia
Komlodi 2017 MiP20172017
Timea Komlodi
H2O2 production under hypoxia in brain and heart mitochondria: does O2 concentration matter?
MouseHeart
Nervous system
Isolated mitochondriaOxidative stress;RONS
Hypoxia



Labels: MiParea: Respiration, Comparative MiP;environmental MiP, Exercise physiology;nutrition;life style 

Stress:Oxidative stress;RONS, Hypoxia 



Regulation: Aerobic glycolysis, Flux control, Temperature  Coupling state: ROUTINE 

HRR: Oxygraph-2k 

Tissue normoxia