Coenzyme Q2

high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution

Coenzyme Q2

Description

Coenzyme Q₂ or ubiquinone-2 (CoQ₂) is a quinone derivate composed of a benzoquinone ring with an isoprenoid side chain consisting of two isoprenoid groups, with two methoxy groups, and with one methyl group. In HRR it is used as a Q-mimetic to detect the redox changes of coenzyme Q at the Q-junction in conjunction with the Q-Module, since the naturally occurring long-chain coenzyme Q (e.g. CoQ₁₀) is trapped within membrane boundaries. CoQ₂ can react both with mitochondrial complexes (e.g. CI, CII and CIII) at their quinone-binding sites and with the detecting electrode.

Abbreviation: CoQ₂

Reference: Komlodi_2021_BEC_Q, MiPNet24.12 NextGen-O2k: Q-Module

Application in HRR

CoQ₂ : Coenzyme Q₂ (Sigma Aldrich, C8081, MW: 318.41; 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-geranyl-1,4-benzoquinone, Ubiquinone-2, oxidized form)

Caution: Light sensitive (store solution in a dark glass vial).

Preparation of 10 mM stock solution (dissolved in ethanol abs.) (to run cyclic voltammetry)

Dissolve one commercial vial of CoQ₂ (2 mg) in 628 µL ethanol abs.
Divide into 50 µL aliquots in dark glass vials.
Store frozen at -20 °C.

Preparation of 1 mM stock solution (to measure the Q-redox state)

Dilute 50 µL of the 10 mM stock with 450 µL ethanol abs..
Divide into 50 µL aliquots in dark glass vials.
Store frozen at -20 °C.

O2k manual titrations MiPNet09.12 O2k-Titrations

Q-redox state

Titration volume: 2 µL of the 1 mM stock solution using a 10 µL syringe (2 mL O2k-chamber).
Final concentration: 1 µM CoQ₂

Cyclic voltammetry

Titration volume: 6 µL of the 10 mM stock solution using a 10 µL syringe (2 mL O2k-chamber).
Final concentration: 30 µM CoQ₂

Keywords

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Coenzyme Q

» Coenzyme Q

» Quinone, Ubiquinone Q; oxidized

» Quinol, Ubiquinol QH₂; reduced

» Semiquinone

» Coenzyme Q2

» Q-redox state

» Q-pools

Mitochondrial pathways, respiratory Complexes, and Q

» Q-cycle

» Q-junction

» Convergent electron flow

» NS-pathway

» FNS

» FNSGp

» N-pathway

» Reverse electron flow from CII to CI

» CI

» Rotenone

» Amytal

» Piericidin

» S-pathway

» CII

» Malonate

» F-pathway

» CETF, Electron-transferring flavoprotein complex

» Gp-pathway

» CGpDH, Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex

» CIII

» Myxothiazol

» Choline dehydrogenase

» Dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase

NextGen-O2k and Q-Module

» NextGen-O2k

» Q-Module

» Q-Sensor

» Cyclic voltammetry

» Three-electrode system

General

» Categories of SUIT protocols

» Electron transfer pathway

» Electron-transfer-pathway state

» F-junction

» N-junction

Publications: Q-junction

	Year	Reference	Organism	Tissue;cell	Stress	Diseases
Balmaceda 2024 Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis	2024	Balmaceda V, Komlodi T, Szibor M, Gnaiger E, Moore AL, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Viscomi C (2024) The striking differences in the bioenergetics of brain and liver mitochondria are enhanced in mitochondrial disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1870:167033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167033	Mouse	Nervous system Liver	Oxidative stress;RONS
Spielmann 2022 Mamm Genome	2022	Spielmann N, Schenkl C, Komlódi T, da Silva-Buttkus P, Heyne E, Rohde J, Amarie OV, Rathkolb B, Gnaiger E, Doenst T, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Szibor M (2022) Knockout of the Complex III subunit Uqcrh causes bioenergetic impairment and cardiac contractile dysfunction. Mamm Genome 10.1007/s00335-022-09973-w	Mouse	Heart	Oxidative stress;RONS Mitochondrial disease
Komlodi 2021 BEC Q	2021	Komlódi T, Cardoso LHD, Doerrier C, Moore AL, Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. Bioenerg Commun 2021.3. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0003	Mouse	Heart Nervous system
Lemieux 2019 bioRxiv	2019	Lemieux H, Subarsky P, Doblander C, Wurm M, Troppmair J, Gnaiger E (2019) Mitochondrial respiratory function as an early biomarker of apoptosis induced by growth factor removal. bioRxiv doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/151480 .	Mouse	Blood cells	Cell death	Cancer
Osakai 2019 Electrochemistry	2019	Osakai T, Yamamoto T, Ueki M (2019) Directional electron transfer from ubiquinone-10 to cytochrome c at a biomimetic self-assembled monolayer modified electrode. Electrochemistry 87:59-64.
Takahashi 2019 Arch Biochem Biophys	2019	Takahashi T, Mine Y, Okamoto T (2019) Extracellular coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is reduced to ubiquinol-10 by intact Hep G2 cells independent of intracellular CoQ₁₀ reduction. Arch Biochem Biophys 672:108067.
Spinazzi 2019 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	2019	Spinazzi M, Radaelli E, Horré K, Arranz AM, Gounko NV, Agostinis P, Maia TM, Impens F, Morais VA, Lopez-Lluch G, Serneels L, Navas P, De Strooper B (2019) PARL deficiency in mouse causes Complex III defects, coenzyme Q depletion, and Leigh-like syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:277-86. 10.1073/pnas.1811938116	Mouse	Nervous system		Neurodegenerative
Szibor 2019 Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg	2019	Szibor Marten, Gainutdinov Timur, Fernandez-Vizarra Erika, Dufour Eric, Gizatullina Zemfira, Debska-Vielhaber Grazyna, Heidler Juliana, Wittig Ilka, Viscomi Carlo, Gellerich Frank Norbert, Moore Anthony L (2019) Bioenergetic consequences from xenotopic expression of a tunicate AOX in mouse mitochondria: switch from RET and ROS to FET. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1861:148137.	Mouse	Heart
Cermakova 2019 Parasite	2019	Čermáková P, Kovalinka T, Ferenczyová K, Horváth A (2019) Coenzyme Q₂ is a universal substrate for the measurement of respiratory chain enzyme activities in trypanosomatids. Parasite 26:17.
Martinez-Cifuentes 2017 Molecules	2017	Martínez-Cifuentes M, Salazar R, Ramírez-Rodríguez O, Weiss-López B, Araya-Maturana R (2017) Experimental and theoretical reduction potentials of some biologically active ortho-carbonyl para-quinones. Molecules 22:577.
Gulaboski 2016 J Solid State Electrochem	2016	Gulaboski R, Markovski V, Jihe Z (2016) Redox chemistry of coenzyme Q—a short overview of the voltammetric features. J Solid State Electrochem 20:3229–3238.
Fragaki 2016 Biol Res	2016	Fragaki K, Chaussenot A, Benoist JF, Ait-El-Mkadem S, Bannwarth S, Rouzier C, Cochaud C, Paquis-Flucklinger V (2016) Coenzyme Q₁₀ defects may be associated with a deficiency of Q₁₀-independent mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Biol Res 49:4.
Acosta 2016 Biochim Biophys Acta	2016	Acosta MJ, Vazquez Fonseca L, Desbats MA, Cerqua C, Zordan R, Trevisson E, Salviati L (2016) Coenzyme Q biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1857:1079-85.
García-Corzo 2015 Biochim Biophys Acta	2015	García-Corzo L, Luna-Sánchez M, Doerrier C, Ortiz F, Escames G, Acuña-Castroviejo D, López LC (2015) Ubiquinol-10 ameliorates mitochondrial encephalopathy associated with CoQ deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842:893-901.
Petrova 2014 Proc Chem	2014	Petrova EV, Korotkova EI, Kratochvil B, Voronova OA, Dorozhko EV, Bulycheva EV (2014) Investigation of coenzyme Q₁₀ by voltammetry. Proc Chem 10:173-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2014.10.030.
Enriquez 2014 Mol Syndromol	2014	Enriquez JA, Lenaz G (2014) Coenzyme Q and the respiratory chain: coenzyme Q pool and mitochondrial supercomplexes. Mol Syndromol 5:119-40.			Oxidative stress;RONS
La Guardia 2013 Front Physiol	2013	La Guardia PG, Alberici LC, Ravagnani FG, Catharino RR, Vercesi AE (2013) Protection of rat skeletal muscle fibers by either L-carnitine or coenzyme Q₁₀ against statins toxicity mediated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen generation. Front Physiol 4:103.	Rat	Skeletal muscle	Oxidative stress;RONS
Tang 2012 Methods Mol Biol	2012	Tang PH, Miles MV (2012) Measurement of oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q in biological fluids, cells, and tissues: an HPLC-EC method. Methods Mol Biol 837:149-68.
Song 2011 Free Radical Biol Med	2011	Song Y, Buettner GR (2011) Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations for the reaction of semiquinone radicals to form superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Free Radical Biol Med 919-62.			Oxidative stress;RONS
Albury 2009 Physiol Plant	2009	Albury MS, Elliott C, Moore AL (2009) Towards a structural elucidation of the alternative oxidase in plants. Physiol Plant 137:316-27.
Ausili 2008 J Phys Chem B	2008	Ausili A, Torrecillas A, Aranda F, de Godos A, Sánchez-Bautista S, Corbalán-García S, Gómez-Fernández JC (2008) Redox state of coenzyme Q₁₀ determines its membrane localization. J Phys Chem B 112:12696-702.
Lenaz 2007 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol	2007	Lenaz G, Genova ML (2007) Kinetics of integrated electron transfer in the mitochondrial respiratory chain: random collisions vs. solid state electron channeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292:C1221-39. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00263.2006.
Michalkiewicz 2007 Bioelectrochemistry	2007	Michalkiewicz S (2007) Cathodic reduction of coenzyme Q10 on glassy carbon electrode in acetic acid-acetonitrile solutions. Bioelectrochemistry 70:495-500.
Pich 2002 Free Radic Res	2002	Pich MM, Castagnoli A, Biondi A, Bernacchia A, Tazzari PL, D'Aurelio M, Castelli GP, Formiggini G, Conte R, Bovina C, Lenaz G (2002) Ubiquinol and a coenzyme Q reducing system protect platelet mitochondrial function of transfusional buffy coats from oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 36:429-36.		Blood cells Platelet	Oxidative stress;RONS	Aging;senescence
Affourtit 2001 J Biol Chem	2001	Affourtit C, Krab K, Leach GR, Whitehouse DG, Moore AL (2001) New insights into the regulation of plant succinate dehydrogenase. On the role of the protonmotive force. J Biol Chem 276:32567-74.
Cooley 2001 J Bacteriol	2001	Cooley JW, Vermaas WFJ (2001) Succinate Dehydrogenase and Other Respiratory Pathways in Thylakoid Membranes of Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803: Capacity Comparisons and Physiological Function. J Bacteriol 183:4251-8.
Goetz 2000 J Neural Transm (Vienna)	2000	Götz ME, Gerstner A, Harth R, Dirr A, Janetzky B, Kuhn W, Riederer P, Gerlach M (2000) Altered redox state of platelet coenzyme Q₁₀ in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 107:41-8.
Affourtit 1999 J Biol Chem	1999	Affourtit C, Albury MS, Krab K, Moore AL (1999) Functional expression of the plant alternative oxidase affects growth of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 274:6212-8.
Wagner 1998 Plant Physiol	1998	Wagner AM, Wagner MJ, Moore AL (1998) In vivo ubiquinone reduction levels during thermogenesis in araceae. Plant Physiol 117:1501-6.
Rauchova 1995 Physiol Res	1995	Rauchová H, Drahota Z, Lenaz G (1995) Function of coenzyme Q in the cell: some biochemical and physiological properties. Physiol Res 44:209-16.
Meunier 1995 Biochemistry	1995	Meunier B, Madgwick SA, Reil E, Oettmeier W, Rich PR (1995) New inhibitors of the quinol oxidation sites of bacterial cytochromes bo and bd. Biochemistry 34:1076-83.
Van den Bergen 1994 Eur J Biochem	1994	Van den Bergen CW, Wagner AM, Krab K, Moore AL (1994) The relationship between electron flux and the redox poise of the quinone pool in plant mitochondria. Interplay between quinol-oxidizing and quinone-reducing pathways. Eur J Biochem 226:1071-8.
Moore 1991 Plant Physiol	1991	Moore AL, Dry IB, Wiskich JT (1991) Regulation of electron transport in plant mitochondria under state 4 conditions. Plant Physiol 95:34-40.
Day 1991 Plant Physiol	1991	Day DA, Dry IB, Soole KL, Wiskich JT, Moore AL (1991) Regulation of alternative pathway activity in plant mitochondria: deviations from Q-pool behavior during oxidation of NADH and quinols. Plant Physiol 95:948-53.
Zannoni 1990 FEBS Lett	1990	Zannoni D, Moore AL (1990) Measurement of the redox state of the ubiquinone pool in Rhodobacter capsulatus membrane fragments. FEBS Lett 271:123-7.
Dry 1989 Arch Biochem Biophys	1989	Dry IB, Moore AL, Day DA, Wiskich JT (1989) Regulation of alternative pathway activity in plant mitochondria: nonlinear relationship between electron flux and the redox poise of the quinone pool. Arch Biochem Biophys 273:148-57.
Moore 1988 FEBS Letters	1988	Moore AL, Dry IB, Wiskich TJ (1988) Measurement of the redox state of the ubiquinone pool in plant mitochondria. FEBS Lett 235:76-80.	Plants
Ragan 1985 Biochim Biophys Acta	1985	Ragan CI, Cottingham IR (1985) The kinetics of quinone pools in electron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 811:13-31.
Rich 1984 Biochim Biophys Acta	1984	Rich PR (1984) Electron and proton transfers through quinones and cytochrome bc complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 768:53-79.
Mitchell 1979 Science	1979	Mitchell P (1979) Keilin’s respiratory chain concept and its chemiosmotic consequences. Science 206:1148-59.
Rich 1979 FEBS Lett	1979	Rich PR, Bendall DS (1979) A mechanism for the reduction of cytochromes by quinols in solution and its relevance to biological electron transfer reactions. FEBS Lett 105:189-94.
Mitchell 1975 FEBS Letters	1975	Mitchell P (1975) The protonmotive Q cycle: A general formulation. FEBS Lett 59:137-9.
Kroeger 1973 Eur J Biochem	1973	Kröger A, Klingenberg M (1973) The kinetics of the redox reactions of ubiquinone related to the electron-transport activity in the respiratory chain. Eur J Biochem 34:358-68.	Bovines	Heart
Kroeger 1973b Eur J Biochem	1973	Kröger A, Klingenberg M (1973) Further evidence for the pool function of ubiquinone as derived from the inhibition of the electron transport by antimycin. Eur J Biochem 39:313-23.	Bovines	Heart
Gutman 1972 FEBS Lett	1972	Gutman M, Silman N (1972) Mutual inhibition between NADH oxidase and succinoxidase activities in respiring submitochondrial particles. FEBS Lett 26:207-10. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80574-x.
Gutman 1971 Biochemistry	1971	Gutman M, Coles CJ, Singer TP, Casida JE (1971) On the functional organization of the respiratory chain at the dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q junction. Biochemistry 10:2036-43.
Ernster 1969 Eur J Biochem	1969	Ernster L, Lee IY, Norling B, Persson B (1969) Studies with ubiquinone-depleted submitochondrial particles. Essentiality of ubiquinone for the interaction of succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome b. Eur J Biochem 9:299-310.	Bovines	Heart
Kroeger 1966 Biochem Z	1966	Kröger A, Klingenberg M (1966) On the role of ubiquinone in mitochondria. II. Redox reactions of ubiquinone under the control of oxidative phosphorylation. Biochem Z 344:317-36.	Bovines	Heart
Mitchell 2011 Biochim Biophys Acta	1966	Mitchell P (1966) Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenergetics 1807 (2011):1507-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.018

Abstracts: Q-junction

	Year	Reference	Organism	Tissue;cell	Stress	Diseases
Ravasz 2019 Abstract IOC141	2019	Ravasz D, Bui D, Kitayev A, Greenwood B, Hill C, Komlodi T, Doerrier C, Ozohanics O, Moore AL, Gnaiger E, Kiebish M, Kolev K, Seyfried TN, Willis WT, Narain N, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C (2019) Endogenous quinones sustain a moderate NADH oxidation by Complex I during anoxia. Mitochondr Physiol Network 24.02.	Mouse	Liver
Komlodi 2018 EBEC2018	2018	Electron supply to the Q-junction: assessment of mitochondrial respiration, H₂O₂ flux and the redox state of the Q-pool.	Mouse	Nervous system	Oxidative stress;RONS
Ravasz 2018 Abstract The evolving concept of mitochondria	2018	Vast pools of endogenous quinones sustain NADH oxidation by Complex I during anoxia, supporting substrate-level phosphorylation in mouse liver mitochondria.	Mouse	Liver		Other
Komlodi 2018 AussieMit	2018	Komlodi T, Hunger M, Moore AL, Gnaiger E (2018) Electron transfer at the Q-junction: new perspectives from combined measurement of mitochondrial O₂ flux, H₂O₂ flux, and coenzyme Q redox state. AussieMit 2018 Melbourne AU.	Mouse	Nervous system
Komlodi 2018b EBEC2018	2018	Endogenous quinones sustain NADH oxidation by Complex I during anoxia, supporting substrate-level phosphorylation in mouse liver mitochondria.	Mouse	Liver	Permeability transition Oxidative stress;RONS
Komlodi 2017 MiPschool Obergurgl	2017	Electron pressure exerted by convergent succinate- and glycerophosphate-pathways to the Q-junction regulate reversed electron transfer to Complex I and H₂O₂ production.	Mouse	Nervous system	Oxidative stress;RONS
Moore 2017 MiPschool Obergurgl	2017	The electron transfer-pathway – Q redox regulation and mitochondrial pathways to oxygen.

References

Čermáková P, Kovalinka T, Ferenczyová K, Horváth A. (2019) Coenzyme Q2 is a universal substrate for the measurement of respiratory chain enzyme activities in trypanosomatids. Parasite 26:17. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019017
Komlódi T, Cardoso LHD, Doerrier C, Moore AL, Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. Bioenerg Commun 2021.3. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0003
Moore AL, Dry IB, Wiskich TJ (1988) Measurement of the redox state of the ubiquinone pool in plant mitochondria. FEBS Lett 235:76-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)81237-7
Moore AL, Siedow JN (1991) The regulation and nature of the cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria. Biochim Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics 1059:121-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2728(05)80197-5

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