Bioblast quiz

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Exemplary quiz

Note: Questions in this exemplary quiz were used from a set of questions prepared for the MiPschool Tromso-Bergen 2018: The protonmotive force and respiratory control. 1. Coupling of electron transfer reactions to vectorial translocation of protons. 2. From Einstein’s diffusion equation on gradients to Fick’s law on compartments. - Gnaiger 2018 MiPschool Tromso A2

Only one correct answer.

1 Convert the molar format of the Gibbs force of reaction, Δ_kF_nO2 [kJ/mol], into the electrical format, Δ_kF_eO2 [V]. Which physicochemical constant is required?

constant

2 What is the meaning of the symbol z_O2?

	Charge number of O2 = 4
	Elementary charge of O2 in [C]
	Atomic number of O2 = 8
	Alphabetical order of O2 isotope

3 How are the units of electric energy [J] and electric force [V] related?

	V = J·C
	V = (J·F)/C
	V = J/(C·F)
	V = J/C

4 Express -460 kJ/mol O₂ as electrical force in units of volt [V].

	- 120 V
	- 1.2 kV
	1.2 V
	-1.2 V

5 Why should we do that?

	To get free drinks
	To feel insecure
	To compliment our brain mitochondria
	To express both in identical motive units [MU]

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Blue Book chapter 1: basic questions

1 The O2k-FluoRespirometer is primarily designed for which type of research?

	Comprehensive mitochondrial function assessment, including oxygen consumption
	Quantification of mitochondrial DNA
	Glycolysis rate measurement
	Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential only

2 Peter Mitchell's chemiosmotic coupling theory places fundamental importance on what concept for bioenergetics?

	Bioblasts as the systematic unit
	Mitochondrial DNA's function
	The role of cytochromes
	The operation of ATP synthase

3 Which is NOT a parameter measured by integrating fluorometry into high-resolution respirometry?

	Mitochondrial membrane potential changes
	Glucose uptake rates
	O2 consumption rates
	H2O2 production

4 What components constitute the protonmotive force (pmF) essential for ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

	Only ΔpH
	ΔΨ and ΔpH
	ΔΨ and solute concentration
	Only ΔΨ

5 High-resolution respirometry (HRR) is primarily used for what purpose?

	Observing mitochondria physically
	pH measurement of the mitochondrial matrix
	Measuring cellular glucose concentration
	Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial respiration and function

6 Oxygen concentration impacts mitochondrial respiratory control by:

	Being inversely proportional to the rate of ATP synthesis
	Influencing exergonic and endergonic reactions in OXPHOS
	Having no significant impact on mitochondrial function
	Directly determining the rate of glycolysis

7 The statement that mitochondrial fitness "solely depends on the genetic makeup of the individual" is:

	True, but only in the context of mitochondrial diseases.
	Incorrect, as lifestyle and environmental factors also significantly influence mitochondrial fitness.
	True, genetics are the only factor.
	Misleading, since mitochondrial fitness can be improved with supplements.

8 What does the term "bioblasts" refer to in the context of mitochondrial physiology?

	A specific type of mitochondria found in muscle cells.
	Elementary units or microorganisms acting wherever living forces are present, essentially mitochondria.
	Enzymes involved in the electron transport chain.
	The smallest units of DNA within mitochondria.

9 Which of the following is NOT a direct measurement capability of the Oroboros-O2k?

	Calcium concentration
	H2O2 production
	Protein synthesis rates
	ATP production

10 What components constitute the protonmotive force (pmF) essential for ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

	ΔΨ (mitochondrial membrane potential) and ΔpH
	ΔΨ and solute concentration
	Only ΔΨ
	Only ΔpH

11 High-resolution respirometry (HRR) is primarily used for what purpose?

	Measuring cellular glucose concentration
	pH measurement of the mitochondrial matrix
	Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial respiration and function
	Observing mitochondria physically

12 Oxygen concentration impacts mitochondrial respiratory control by:

	Being inversely proportional to the rate of ATP synthesis
	Directly determining the rate of glycolysis
	Influencing exergonic and endergonic reactions in OXPHOS
	Having no significant impact on mitochondrial function

13 The "Q-junction" in mitochondrial respiratory control serves as:

	The site of ATP synthesis
	The location where glucose is converted into pyruvate
	The mitochondrial DNA replication site
	A convergence point for multiple electron transport pathways

14 SUIT protocols in mitochondrial research are designed to:

	Analyze the effects of substrates, uncouplers, and inhibitors on respiratory control
	Disrupt mitochondrial DNA and study its effects on respiration
	Measure the physical size of mitochondria under different conditions
	Identify the best culture medium for mitochondrial growth

15 NADH-linked substrates are used in physiological respiratory states to:

	Demonstrate substrates irrelevant to mitochondrial physiology
	Bypass the electron transport system
	Represent substrates feeding electrons into the ETS, simulating physiological conditions
	Reflect the exclusive type of substrates used by mitochondria

16 The primary purpose of integrating fluorometry with high-resolution respirometry is to:

	Enable simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption and other mitochondrial parameters
	Increase the resolution of respirometry measurements alone
	Decrease the time required for each measurement
	Allow for the observation of mitochondrial shape and size

17 Which statement accurately describes the significance of LEAK respiration in the context of mitochondrial function?

	It is the maximum respiration rate achievable by mitochondria.
	It denotes the respiration process exclusive to glycolytic cells.
	It indicates the rate of oxygen consumption for ATP synthesis.
	It represents the energy consumed to maintain ionic gradients in the absence of ATP synthesis.

18 In mitochondrial research, the term "ET capacity" refers to:

	The enzyme titration capacity in metabolic pathways.
	The maximum electron transport rate through the electron transport chain under optimal conditions.
	The capacity for energy transfer within the mitochondrion.
	The ability of the endoplasmic reticulum to transfer proteins to mitochondria.

19 Which of the following is NOT a direct measurement capability of the Oroboros-O2k?

	Mitochondrial DNA replication rates
	ATP production rates
	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
	Calcium ion concentration in the mitochondrial matrix

20 The addition of fluorescent dyes in O2k-FluoRespirometer measurements allows for the assessment of:

	Nuclear DNA mutations
	The rate of glycolysis in mitochondria
	Mitochondrial membrane potential changes
	Membrane fluidity and viscosity

21 The primary purpose of substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocols in mitochondrial research is to:

	Measure the physical dimensions of mitochondria under various metabolic conditions
	Investigate the effects of different substrates, uncouplers, and inhibitors on mitochondrial respiratory control
	Determine the maximum capacity of the electron transport system (ETS)
	Identify the optimal conditions for ATP synthesis

22 I. Given the formula for protonmotive force (pmF) as Δp = Δψ - 2.303 (RT/F) (ΔpH), where Δψ is the mitochondrial membrane potential, R is the gas constant, T is temperature in Kelvin, F is Faraday's constant, and ΔpH is the pH gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. If Δψ = 150 mV, T = 310 K, and ΔpH = 1, calculate the pmF in millivolts (mV). Assume R = 8.314 J/mol·K and F = 96485 C/mol.

	Approximately 220 mV
	The pmF cannot be calculated without additional data
	Approximately 170 mV
	Approximately 130 mV

23 II. The P/O ratio is an indicator of the efficiency of ATP synthesis relative to oxygen consumption. If 10 moles of ATP are produced for every 5 moles of oxygen consumed, what is the P/O ratio? What does this imply about the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency?

	The P/O ratio is irrelevant to oxidative phosphorylation efficiency
	P/O = 2; indicates a high efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
	P/O = 1; indicates a moderate efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
	P/O = 0.5; indicates a low efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation

24 III. Assuming the standard reduction potential (E°') for NADH → NAD+ is -0.320 V and for O2 → H2O is +0.815 V, calculate the ΔE°' for the electron transport from NADH to O2. What does ΔE°' indicate about the potential energy available for ATP synthesis?

	ΔE°' = 0.495 V; indicates a moderate potential energy available for ATP synthesis
	ΔE°' = 1.135 V; indicates a high potential energy available for ATP synthesis

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